XII. THEODORUS 1. Diog. Laert. II 8, 103/4: 庰帤怷庣 帤廔 帠庰帠彖帢庣彖 庰廒匿睡諫庣 廒彖帢怷 庤峎彖庣怷 廒廔 弇帠彖 怷弇庣庣庥彃僇, 帤峟庥帢怷, 廔弮怷巹 怷廔 廒庣怷峟弇庢 弮彖庢弮怷彖庰庰庣 帤庣廔 彃 廒庣怷弮彃 彃僇 彃用煙彖. Post 怷弇庣庣庥彃僇 deesse videtur velut 庰廔帤怷庥庣弮彃僇. Nonum nostrum sophistam esse puto, decimum vero hominem minus nobilem, ab Aristotele solummodo memoratum, fort. noni filium, cf. Theodectarum exemplum. Edunt sane 帤峟庥帢怷 廔弮怷巹, 怷廔.
2. Sud. s. v.: 庰帤怷 庤廒彖庣怷 怷庣峸, 廔 廔廔 弇峎彖怷 弇怷帠怷帤帢巹帤帢弇怷 廒庥弇峸庛庢. 廒帠帢庰 庥帢廔 帢帣怷弇怷, 庥帢廔 廒彖帤怷庥巹帤怷 庥帢廔 廒弇弇帢 庣彖峎. Cf. Cic. orat. 12, 39 Theodorum inter eos enumerans, qui non ad iudiciorum certamen sed voluptatem aurium scripserant quos logodaedalos appellat in Phaedro Socrates宎. Quint. inst. 3, 1, 11: Theodorus Byzantius ex iis et ipse quos Plato appellat 弇怷帠怷帤帢庣帤峎弇怷 (ex Cicerone?). Sophistae stilum Cic. orat. 40 rectius describere videtur (praefractior nec satis rotundus).
3. Cic. Brut. 12, 48 (ex Aristotele): Lysiam primo profiteri solitum artem esse dicendi, deinde, quod Theodorus esset in arte subtilior, in orationibus autem ieiunior, orationes eum scribere aliis coepisse. Artibus suis eum rhetoricen auxisse post Thrasymachum Aristoteles ait Soph. el. 34, 183 b 32 (v. supra A V 6), de temporum ratione etiam cf. Cic. orat. 12, 39.
4. Di怷nysius Hal. de Isaeo p. 121, 25 Us. Rad.: 庰帤怷彖 帤廔 廔裕 庤峎彖庣怷彖 廒帢彃彖 庣彖帢 庥帢廔 怷廔庰 廒彖 帢彃 峟彖帢庣 廒庥庣帣彃 (sic) 怷廔庰 廒徆峟帢庣彖 廒敖睡敖賦蓬彖 (?) 廒彖 怷彃 廒彖帢帠彖巹怷庣 帤庰帤庥帢 弇帠怷庣. 怷帤彃 廒徆庣怷彖 怷廔庛廔統 eum invenisse idem dicit ad Ammaeum p. 259, 2 sq., 怷廔庛廔統 怷廔庰 庥帢庣彖廔裕 怷廔庰 庰庣彖 de Demosth. p. 143, 8. Artem testari videtur Plato Phaedr. 261 C, testatur Quint. 3, 1, 11 (supra A V 10).
5. Plato Phaedr. 266 D: {庥帢廔開 庥帢弇彃剿 帠庰 廔峟弮彖庢帢. 怷怷巹弮庣怷彖 弮廔統 怷廒僇樁敖 彃剿怷彖 廔＋ 帤庰彃 怷彃 弇帠怷 弇峟帠庰庛帢庣 廒彖 廒彃. 帢彃羊帢 弇峟帠庰庣 (廒 帠峎;) 廔 庥怷弮廔 彃 峟彖庢; 彖帢巹. 帤庰庰怷彖 帤廔 帤廔 帤庣峸帠庢巹彖 庣彖帢 弮帢巹帢 宎 廒宎 帢廔彃, 巹怷彖 庰庥弮峸庣帢, 峟帢怷彖 庰廒匿磁帢. 庥帢廔 5 巹庣彖 怷廒僇樁敖 庥帢廔 廒庣巹庣彖 弇峟帠庰庣彖 彖 帠庰 帣峟弇庣怷彖 弇怷帠怷帤帢巹帤帢弇怷彖 B庤廒彖庣怷彖 廒彖帤帢. 廔裕 庢廔裕 弇峟帠庰庣 庰帤怷彖; 巹 弮峸彖; 庥帢廔 廒弇庰帠彖 帠庰 庥帢廔 廒庰徆峟弇庰帠怷彖 廔＋ 怷庣庢峟怷彖 廒彖 庥帢庢帠怷巹彄 庰 庥帢廔 廒怷弇怷帠巹彄. 廔裕 帤廔 庥峎弇弇庣怷彖 峎庣怷彖 廔庢彖怷彖 庥弇. 2 廒宎 廒彃 B Hermias ad locum: 廒庣巹庣彖 弇峟帠庰庣 廔 廒廔 廒怷帤庰巹徆庰庣 廒峟帢彖 廒帤庰庣徆庣彖 廒帢帠帢帠庰彃彖. Schol. Aristot. rhet. p. 227, 25 廒庰徆峟弇庰帠 廒庣彖, 廔帢彖 庣 廒徆 怷彃 峎帠弮帢怷 弇峟帠彃 庥帢廔 弮廔 廔裒 廔裕 廒弇庰帠怷彖 庥帢廔 廔裕 廒帠彃僇諄 弮帣帢弇弇弮庰彖帢. V. Hamberger 73 sq.
6. Anaximenes p. 88, 19 H.: 峎庰庣彖 帤廔 帤庰彃 彃僇 弮廔統 巹庰彖 帢 廔區 弮帢巹帢. Ordinem esse Byzantii ex Platone coniecit Spengel ad Anaxim. p. 257 sq.
7. Aristot. rhet. 1414 b 7: 廒彖帢帠庥帢彃帢 廒帢 弮庣帢 庛庰庣 庥帢廔 巹庰庣. 廒棒棒團 弮廔統 怷廔彖 帢彃羊帢, 廔 帤廔 弇庰彃帢 怷怷巹弮庣怷彖 庛庰庣 巹庰庣 廒巹弇怷帠怷繚 廔 帠廔區 廔裒 廔裕 廒彖巹帤庣庥怷彖 彃僇 巹庰彖 廒庣, 庥帢廔 廒 廒彖庣帢帢帣怷弇廔 帢廔徆庢庣 彃僇 帢廔怷彃, 廔甩庰 弮峟怷 庣 彃僇 巹庰彖繚 5 廒怷帤庰巹庥彖庣 帠峎 庣 廔 怷庣彃僇 怷彃羊怷. 廒弇弇宎 怷廔 廔 怷怷巹弮庣怷彖 怷廔帤宎 廔 廒巹弇怷帠怷, 廒弇弇宎 廒彖帢弮庣弮彖峸庥庰庣. 廒帢庣 怷廔彖, 廒彖 庣 廔 怷庣帢彃羊帢 帤庣帢庣彃, 廔庰 廒怷巹怷彖 怷廒 庰廔 庰帤怷彖, 帤庣峸帠庢庣 廒庰怷彖 庥帢廔 廒 廒庣帤庣峸帠庢庣 庥帢廔 怷帤庣峸帠庢庣 庥帢廔 廒弇庰帠怷 庥帢廔 廒庰徆峟弇庰帠怷. 2 et 3 巹庣 ll. 7. 8 an 廒 廒庣帤庣峸帠庢庣 <庥帢廔 帢帢帤庣峸帠庢庣> 庥帢廔 怷帤庣峸帠庢庣? Cf. sequentia. 怷廒 庰廔 庰帤怷彖 significare videtur Theodorum habuisse sectatores, qui etiam nova invenirent. 帢帢帤庣峸帠庢庣彖 Aristoteles etiam 1417 a 3 sq.commendat. Ceterum adeundus est Quint. 4, 2, 128: est quaedam etiam repetita narratio, quae 廒庣帤庣峸帠庢庣 dicitur, sane res declamatoria magis quam forensis, ideo autem reperta, ut, quia narratio brevis esse debet, fusius et ornatius res posset exponi, quod fit vel invidiae gratia vel miserationis. [Cassiodorii] de rhet. p. 502, 28 Halm: 廒庣帤庣峸帠庢庣 fit ad augmentum vel invidiae vel miserationis. Hermogenes 庰廔 庰廔. 2, 1 p. 189, 7 Sp. 廔棒 帤廔 怷庥帢峎帢庣彖 彃 帤庣庢帠峸庰, 廔棒 庥帢廔 怷帤庣峸帠庢庣彖 庥帢弇怷弮峟彖庢彖 (repetita apud Maximum Planudem W V 220, 27 = Prol. Syll. p. 212, 17 R., Maximum Planudem W V 385, 20). Cf. W. Schmid, Gesch. d. gr. Lit. III 1 p. 193, 2.
8. An怷n. (Cornuti) rhet. 57 p. 364, 11 H.: 庰廒棒棒 帤廔 彃僇 帢帢帤庣庢帠峸庰彖 巹帢繚 怷帤庣峸帠庢庣, 帢帢帤庣峸帠庢庣, 廒庣帤庣峸帠庢庣. (58) 庥帢廔 怷帤庣峸帠庢庣 弮峟彖 廒庣彖, 廔帢彖 廔 帢廔怷彃 怷彃 峎帠弮帢怷 廒徆庛庰彖 廒庰彖 庣 帤庣庢帠庢弮庰庛帢, 廔甩庰 庥弇. (59) 帢帢帤庣峸帠庢庣 帤峟, 廔帢彖 庰廔 廔 帢廔廔 彄僇割樁 廒庰帢 帤庣庢帠庢弮庰庛帢, 廔＋ 庥弇., (60) 廒庣帤庣峸帠庢庣 帤峟, 廔帢彖 弮庰廔 廔區 巹庰庣 廒 廔裕 廒巹弇怷帠怷彖 帤庣庢帠庢弮庰庛帢. Novit idem p. 364, 6 etiam 廒彖庣帤庣庢帠峸庰庣 (i. e. 彃僇 廒彖庣帤巹庥彖 庰廒區帢帠彖彖 廒峟 廒帢帠怷弮峟彖帢 帢廔怷廔 廒彖庣帤庣庢帠怷弮庰庛帢). Ipsa autem terminorum explicatio sumpta est ex auctore, qui post Demetrium Phalereum fuit, cf. eiusdem Anonymi p. 374, 6.
9. Rufus rhet. (庰廔 帤庣庢帠峸庰) W III p. 453, 6 = Rhet.gr. I p. 402, 23 H.: 怷庣 帤廔 峟帢庰繚 帤庣峸帠庢庣, 帢帢帤庣峸帠庢庣, 怷帤庣峸帠庢庣 庥帢廔 廔怷帤庣峸帠庢庣. (8) 帤庣峸帠庢庣 弮廔統 怷廔彖 廒庣彖, 廔甩庰 廒庢弮庰彖, 廒弇彃 彃僇 帠庰帠庰彖庢弮峟彖彖 峎庣繚 怷廒煎諺 庥弇. (17) 帢帢帤庣峸帠庢庣 帤峟 廒庣彖 廒 廔裒 廔 峸庣弮怷彖 怷彃 廔怷庥庰庣弮峟彖怷 弇帠怷 廒徆庛庰彖 怷庣庛庰弮峟彖庢 庥帢廔 帢帢弇帢弮帣帢彖怷弮峟彖庢 帤庣峸帠庢庣 廒彖 彃 廒庢帠峸庰繚 怷廒煎諺 庥弇. (454, 8 W. ) 怷帤庣峸帠庢巹 廒庣彖 廒 廔 彃 庰廒區 廔 彄僇割樁救庰弇怷庢 帤庣庢帠峸庰 帢廒區巹帢 帢帢弇帢弮帣帢彖怷弮峟彖庢繚 怷廒煎諺 庥弇. (14) 廔怷帤庣峸帠庢庣 帤峟, 廔帢彖 弮庰廔 彃僇 帢帠弮峎彖 庥帢廔 廔區 帠彖弮帢 彃僇 帢徆峎彖彖 廒庥峎怷 庥帢廔 廔區 帢廒區巹帢 弇峟帠弮庰彖繚 怷廒煎諺 庥弇. 帤庣峸帠庢庣, 怷帤庣峸帠庢庣 iam Theodori fuere, sed 廔怷帤庣峸帠庢庣彖 non esse in 廒庣帤庣峸帠庢庣彖 mutandam docet etiam Schol. B Hom. I 527.
10. Mart. Cap. rhet. 46 p. 486, 30 Halm: n怷nnulli quinque species narrationis esse dixerunt, ut Theodorus Byzantius Graece discernit 怷帤庣峸帠庢庣彖, 廔怷帤庣峸帠庢庣彖 (sic), 帢帢帤庣峸帠庢庣彖, 廒彖庣帤庣峸帠庢庣彖, 庥帢帢帤庣峸帠庢庣彖 (sic).
Fortunatianus artis II 19 p. 112, 5 sq. Halm octo narrationis species discernit, quae sunt: 帤庣峸帠庢庣, 廒彖庣帤庣峸帠庢庣, 弮庰庣庥廔 帤庣峸帠庢庣, 帢帢帤庣峸帠庢庣, 廔怷帤庣峸帠庢庣, 庥帢帢帤庣峸帠庢庣, 廒庣帤庣峸帠庢庣, 帤庣帢庥庰峎 (sic). Theodori sectatorum vestigia agnoscuntur. Non ad genera, sed rationem narrandi pertinet, quod anonymus (Cornutus) I p. 443, 19 Sp. (= p. 375, 9 H.) docet: 庰帤怷 弮廔統 怷弇弇峎 庢庣 帠巹彖庰庛帢庣 (sc. 帤庣庢帠峸庰庣) 庥帢廔 廒彖 帢彃 帢帢帠帢帢彃 帤廔銜 庢廔僇 庰廒僇諄敖, 峸彖 庰 彃 帢廒區巹帢 庥帢廔 廔棒 彃 帢帢帠帢彃 帢廔彃, quae verba ad nostrum Theodorum rettullit W. Schmid (Gesch. d. gr. Lit. III 1 p. 193, 4).
11. Aristot. rhet. 2.23.28 1400b9: 廒弇弇怷 怷 峟庥 彃僇 廒弮帢庢庛峟彖彖 庥帢庢帠怷庰彃彖 廒 廒怷弇怷帠庰彃庛帢庣, 怷廒煎諺 廒彖 彃 帢庥巹彖怷 庢帤庰巹彄 怷廒 弮廔統 庥帢庢帠怷怷彃羊庣彖, 廔庣 怷廔磁 帢彃帤帢 廒峟庥庰庣彖庰彖, 怷廔 帢巹彖庰庛帢庣 帠怷彃缶 帢廔怷. 廒用樁救庰 帠廔區 廒 M峸帤庰庣帢 庰廔 廔棒 廒怷怷弇廔棒 彃僇 帢巹帤彖. 5 廒 帤宎 廒怷弇怷帠庰彃帢庣, 廔庣 怷廔庥 廒彖 怷廔磁 帢彃帤帢 廒弇弇廔 廔裕 峎怷彖帢 廒彖 廒峟庥庰庣彖庰彖. 怷彃羊怷 帠廔區 廒用樁救庰彖 廒彖 弮廔 怷庣峸帢帢, 庰廒棲庰 庥帢廔 庛峎庰怷彖 廒怷巹庢庰彖. 廒庣 帤宎 廔 怷 怷廔怷 怷彃 廒彖庛弮峸弮帢怷 庥帢廔 廔 庰廒僇棒諫 廔弇庢 廒 庰怷彖 庰怷帤怷 峟彖庢. 8 廒 怷峟帢 Dubitant sitne prior Theodori ars intellegenda an ars ante The怷dorum, ut Spengel recte meo quoque iudicio iudicavit; ad rem F. Solmsen, RE. V A 2, 1843, 32 sq. Certe autem 廔 廒庥 彃僇 廒弮帢庢庛峟彖彖 庥帢庢帠怷庰彃彖 cohaeret cum usu mores adversariorum exagitandi, quod genus antiquissimae proprium rhetoricae. Scholiasta quidem ad locum (p. 146, 5 R.) docet: 廒 帠怷彃缶 彃用煙怷庣庥廔 怷彃 庰怷帤怷 怷彃羊怷彖 廔裕 怷彖 帢庰帤巹帤怷 廒反怷庣 廔 廒庥 彃僇 廒弮帢庢庛峟彖彖 庣彖廔 廒庣庰庣庰彃彖, quod sane tam inane est, ut ex ipsis Aristotelis verbis neglecto eo quod est 庰怷彖 videatur esse ductum. Locum ab Antiphonte egregie esse tractatum Hamberger monuit allatis exemplis 99 sq.
12. Aristot. rhet. 3.11.6 1412a 23: 庥帢廔 廔 庰廔 彄彖庣帠弮峟彖帢 帤庣廔 廔 帢廔廔 廒﹡棒倀授 弮峎庛庢庣 帠峎, 庥帢廔 弇峟帠庰帢庣 弮庰帢怷彃 庥帢廔 廔 弇峟帠庰庣 庰帤怷 廔 庥帢庣彖廔 弇峟帠庰庣彖. 帠巹帠彖庰帢庣 帤峟, 廔帢彖 帢峎帤怷徆怷彖 彄, 庥帢廔 弮峸, 廔＋ 廒庥庰彃彖怷 弇峟帠庰庣, 廔裒 廔棒 廒弮怷庛庰彖 帤徆帢彖, 廒弇弇宎 廔＋庰庰廔 廒彖 5 怷彃 帠庰弇怷巹怷庣 廔 帢帢庰怷庣庢弮峟彖帢, 廔庰 帤彖帢帢庣 庥帢廔 廔 帢廔 帠峎弮弮帢 庥弮弮帢帢. 廒徆帢帢彄 帠峎, 庥帢廔 廒彖 怷彃 弮峟怷庣繚 怷廔 帠廔區 廔甩庰 廔 廒庥怷彖 廔峟弇帢帣庰彖: 廒庰庣庰 帤宎 廒彖 廔廔 怷廔 巹弮庰庛弇帢宎, 廔 帤宎 彄及舜怷 峟帤庣弇帢 廒庰彃彖. 怷怷 帤宎 廒弮帢 弇庰帠怷弮峟彖怷 帤庰彃 帤彃弇怷彖 庰廒僇諄敖, 廔 帤廔 帢廔 帠峎弮弮帢 怷庣庰彃 怷廔 廔 弇峟帠庰庣 弇峟帠庰庣彖 廒弇弇宎 <廒弇弇怷>, 廔 弮庰帢峟庰庣, 10 廔彖怷弮帢, 怷廒煎諺 廔 庰怷帤怷 庰廒區 巹庥彖帢 廔裕 庥庣庛帢彃割棲彖 彄煙宎 彄庰宎. 怷怷庣庰彃帢庣 帠廔區 弇峟帠庰庣彖 廔 庛峎庰庣 庰宎, 庥帢廔 廒徆帢帢彄溘 廒弇弇怷 帠廔區 弇峟帠庰庣. 帤庣廔 弮帢庛彖庣 廒﹡棲, 廒庰巹, 庰廒 弮廔 廔怷弇帢弮帣峎彖庰庣 彄煎睡 庰廒僇諄敖, 怷廔 帤徆庰庣 廒庰彃怷彖 庰廒僇諄敖. 2 弮庰帢怷峎 3 comma ante 廔 庥帢庣彖廔 falso additur 4-5 廔甩庰 怷廒 廒彖 11 庛峎庰庣 庰: 彄煙宎 彄庰, ut Meinekius coniecit, recepi collate narratiuncula, quae de Thraessa musicam corrumpente mutila sane exstat apud Mexlerum in Academicorum philosophorum indice Hercul. Col. V. 1 p. 14. Multi artem nova dicendi tractaverant, Theodorus 廔 庥帢庣彖廔 弇峟帠庰庣彖 dixerat esse 廔裒 廔棒 廒弮怷庛庰彖 帤徆帢彖, i.e. si quis vocabulo daret sensum a consuetudine abhorrentem, quod Aristoteles improbat. Nicon autem citharoedus progenie Thrax erat idque scire debebant, ut dictum urbanum esse intellegerent auditores, neque enim iucundum erat nescientibus, nam Theodorus non quidem 庛峎庰庣 庰 enuntiaverat, sed 帢廔 帠峎弮弮帢 (unalittera mutata) 彄煙宎 彄庰, scilicet propter corruptam Niconis canendi rationem (cf. scholia p. 212, 10 R. 帢帢庰怷庣庢弮峟彖帢 弇峟帠庰庣 廔 庥弮弮帢帢 廔 廔峎怷彖帢 帢廔 帠峎弮弮帢 廒彖, 怷廒煎諺 庣彖帢 帢弇彖繚 廔弇彄煙, 庥弇帢庥怷 庥庰帢弇廔棒 廒庰庣). Sic verba accipienda videntur, commentaria Aristotelis conferas.
13. Schol. ad Aristot. rhet. p. 1412a 25, p. 212, 2 R.: 廒弇弇廔 庥帢廔 廔 庰帤怷 (彃用晅 帤廔 廒缶) 弇峟帠庰庣 廔 廔區 庰廔帤怷庥庣弮怷帢 庰廒匿磁彖帢 弇峟帠庰庣彖 {庥帢廔開 庢弮帢巹彖庰庣彖 庥帢庣彖廔 廒反怷庣 帢峎徆庰彖帢, 廒彖 庥帢廔 廒弇弇怷 庣 帢巹彖庢帢庣 弇峟帠庰庣彖 庥帢廔 廔 帢庣彖弮庰彖怷彖, 怷廒煙彖 廒庣 廔 怷廒 峟庣帠庰 5 帢廔怷彃 帢弮庛庰彖 彄怷彖帢庣宎. 帠巹彖庰帢庣 帤廔 怷彃羊怷 廒甩怷庣 彃 廒弇弇怷 庢弮帢巹彖庰庣彖 帢廔 廔 帢庣彖弮庰彖怷彖, 廔帢彖 廔 彖怷怷弮庰彖怷彖 帢峎帤怷徆怷彖, 廒 帢廔 廔棒 怷峟帢彖 帤徆帢彖 庥帢廔 弮廔 廔＋ 弇峟帠庰庣 庥帢廔 廔 帢庣彖弮庰彖怷彖. 5 廒反怷庣 廔 6 彄
14. Aristot. rhet. 2.23.16 p. 1399a 29: 廒弇弇怷 (sc. 怷), 廒庰庣帤廔 怷廔 帢廔廔 帢彖庰彃剿 廒帢庣彖怷彃羊庣 庥帢廔 廒帢彖彃剿, 廒弇弇廔 帢彖庰彃剿 弮峟彖 廔 帤巹庥帢庣帢 庥帢廔 廔 庥帢弇廔 廒帢庣彖怷彃羊庣 弮峎弇庣帢, 廒匿棒脊噫 帤廔 廔 弮峟怷彖帢 弮彄僇銜銜諺 帣怷弇怷彖帢庣, 廒庥 怷彖 庰庣彄剿庛帢庣 彖峎帠庰庣彖 庛峎庰怷彖繚 彃僇 帠廔區 帢帢帤徆彖 怷廔怷 廔 怷 庥庣廔誕帢 廒庣彖. Cf. Athenaeus 122 b 庢庣帤怷... 弇峟帠庰庣 廔庣 庰廔怷庣 庣 廒彖 廔廔 彃僇 廒弇弇彖 怷庣庢彃僇 廒 庥帢廔 怷庣彃僇 廒彖 廒 帤怷 帠怷彃缶 怷彖庢彃剿 庰廒區庢弮峟彖帢... 庰怷帤彃 帤廔 廔 庥庰弇庰庰庣彖 弮廔統 弇峟怷彖 廒庰庣彖, 廒帢庣彖庰彃彖 帤廔 廔 廒棲怷彖. Theodorus inter Archilochum et Euripidem laudatur eumque poetam fuisse suspicatur Kaibel in indice Ath. p. 667 referens ad Bergkium P. l. g.4 II 376, Keilium Anal. Isocr. p. 99. Mira tamen cum Aristotele congruentia. Cf. Spengel ad Ar. rhet. p. 318 sq. [Isocr.] ad Demonic. 38. Theodorum vero poetam alium atque Kaibelius putat Bergkius l. l. a Kaibelio laudatus.
15. Philod. rhet. II 114 fr. IV 6 S.: 怷廔 弮彄僇銜銜諺 廒帢彃剿庣彖 廒彖 廒帠[彃剿庣]彖 庥帢廔 怷廒 [帤彖帢]怷廔 廒 廒帢彃僇誕帢庣. 庛帢[弮峎]庤 帤, 庰廒 弮廔 弮庣峎庥庣 帢廔彃 廒＋峎帢 怷弇弇怷彃羊 [庰]帤[]怷繚 怷廔[怷 帠廔區 帤彖帢]弮庣彖 廒彖 彃 廒峎庢[ 廔弮] 庥帢廔 廒帢廔裕 [廔]弮怷弇[怷帠庰彃 弇]帢彖彄剿庛帢庣. 帢廔彃 i. e. 彃 彃用煙怷庣庥彃. 庰帤怷 incerto supplemento. 怷廔廔 pro 廔弮 Sudhaus. De 廒峎庢 notione cf. Gorgias apud Plutarchum de glor. Athen. 348 C, de aud. poet. 15 , Helenae 8.
16. Rufini rhetoris de Theodoro numeros oratorios tractante ineptias v. apud Gorgiam fr. 38. Item quod Cicero (or. 39 = G怷rgiae fr. 34) de Theodorei stili argutiis narrat, ea verba The怷dorum 庰廔 弇峟徆庰 praecepta dedisse minime docent.
17. Quint. inst. 2, 15, 16: omnia subiecisse oratori videtur Aristoteles, cum dixit vim esse videndi, quid in quaque re possit esse persuasibile宎, et Iatrocles, qui non quidem adicit in quaque re宎, sed nihil excipiendo idem ostendit. vim enim vocat 5 inveniendi, quod sit in oratione persuasibile. qui fines et ipsi solam complectuntur inventionem. quod vitium fugiens Theodorus vim putat inveniendi et eloquendi cum ornatu credibilia in omni oratione. 3 Patrocles AP latrocles B 6. 7 Theodorus AN Eudorus Bn Bg P. Vel si Theodori nomen recte traditum esset, ne tum quidem Byzantium intellegi certum esset. Nec vero recte W. Schmid (Gesch. d. gr. Lit. III 1 p. 193, 4) Theodori Byzantii 帤庣庢帠峸庰 definitionem ab an怷nym怷 Seg. (Cornut怷) p. 434, 25 Sp. servatam esse putavit, quia is Theodorus, qui illic tertius post Neoclem et Zenonem et prior ante Apollodorum Theodori Gadareni adversarium appellatur, sine dubio iste Gadarenus est.
18. Auctor de sublimitate III 5: 怷彃 帢峎庥庰庣帢庣 巹怷彖 庣 庥帢庥巹帢 庰廒僇棒諫 廒彖 怷彃 帢庛庢庣庥怷彃, 廔庰 廔 庰帤怷 帢峟彖庛怷彖 廒庥峎弇庰庣. Nempe Theodorus Gadarenus, Tiberii magister. Byzantium laudari Spengel ipse valde incertum iudicavit. Pleraque enim, quae posteriores Theodoro tribuunt, Gadareni videntur esse.
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XII. THEODORUS 1. Diogenes Laertius 2.8, 103-4: Some twenty persons have borne the name of Theodorus: [因 (9) A Byzantine, (famous) for his political speeches. (10) Another, equally famous, mentioned by Aristotle in his Epitome of Rhetors. The word for famous appears to be missing in the Greek. The ninth man is, I think, our sophist, the tenth a less well-known one whom only Aristotle names, perhaps a son of the ninth, cf. the example of the Theodecteses. Others interpret the sentence as one equally famous (while Radermacher thinks it means one Aristotle equally mentions色). 2. Suda 149: Theodorus was a sophist from Byzantium, whom Plato called logodaidalos (skilled with words). He wrote Against Thrasybulus, Against Andokides, and some others.
Cf. Cic. orat. 12, 39: listing Theodorus among those who wrote not for court proceedings but to please the ears, whom Socrates in Phaedrus calls wordsmiths. Quint. 3.1.11: Theodorus of Byzantium another one of those Plato calls wordsmiths, perhaps taking this from Cicero. Cicero orat. 40 seems to describe this sophists style more correctly: choppy and not well-rounded enough.
3. Cicero, Brutus 12.48 (from Aristotle): Lysias first laid claim to using the art of speaking; later, however, as Theodorus was more subtle in the art and at the same time more jejune in his speeches, Lysias began writing speeches for others. Aristotle Soph. el. 34, 183 b 32 claims that he improved the art of rhetoric after Thrasymachus (see above, A V 6). On the chronology cf. Cic. orat. 12.39.
4. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, On Isaeus: Theodorus of Byzantium was one of the ancients. He was imprecise in his technai and did not give sufficient extetasis to his agonistic speeches. The same author claims in To Ammaeus p. 259.2 f. that he discovered nothing worth studying; in On Demosthenes p. 143.8 nothing new or remarkable. Plato Phaedr. 261C seems to testify to an Art, as certainly does Quint. 3.1.11 (above A V 10). 5. Plato, Phaedrus 266 D 267 A: Thank you for reminding me. You mean that there must be an prooimion first, at the beginning of the speech; these are the things you mean, are they not?the niceties of the art. Yes. And a narrative must come second, overlaid with testimony, and third tekmeria, and fourth probabilities; and proof and 'further proof' are mentioned, I believe, by the man from Byzantium, that most excellent artist in words. You mean the worthy Theodorus? Of course. And he tells how refutation and 'further refutation' must be accomplished, both in a prosecution speech and in an apologia. Shall we not bring the illustrious Parian, Evenus, into our discussion? Hermias on this passage: He calls further proof the adding of another demonstration to demonstration. Schol. Aristot. rhet. p. 227, 25: A further refutation is when someone speaks outside of the issue and says things that do not fit with the refutation and the dispute. See Hamberger 73 f.
6. Anaximenes, On Rhetoric: We must place witness testimony as the first of the means of proof. Spengel on Anaximenes p. 257 f. infers from Plato that this order stems from our Byzantine.
7. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1414b7: So then the necessary parts of a speech are the proposition and proofs. These parts are appropriate to every speech, and at most the parts are prooimion, proposition, proof, and epilogue; for response to the opponent is part of the proofs, and contrast is amplification of one's own case, and therefore also part of the proofs; for he who does this demonstrates something, whereas the prooimion and the epilogue are not, but aid memory. Therefore, if we adopt all such divisions, those following Theodorus do, there is a distinct narrative, and 'additional narrative", and a 'preliminary narrative', and a refutation and ;additional refutation'. those following Theodorus seems to show that Theodorus had followers who came up with new ideas themselves. In 1417a3 ff. Aristotle also names a side narrative. One must also take account of Quint. 4.2.128: There is a certain repeated narrative, called epidiegesis more a declamatory thing, to be sure, than forensic which was invented in order that, as a narrative has to be short, the events might be expounded at greater length and more ornately; this is done either for the sake of creating enmity or pity. Hermogenes On Invention 2.1 p. 189, 7 Sp.: 宇he preparation of the exposition, which is also called pre-exposition色 words repeated in Maximus Planudes W V 220.27 = Prol. Syll. P. 212, 17 R., Maximus Planudes W V 385.20. Cf. W. Schmid, Gesch. d. gr. Lit. III 1 p. 193, 2.
8. Anonymus (Cornutus), On Rhetoric: There are three kinds of side narrative: pre-narrative, side narrative and after-narrative. A pre-narrative happens when, before dealing with the matter at hand itself, we narrate another one independent of it [there follow some examples]. Side narrative is given when we narrate different things about the same matter [因. An after-narrative happens when we narrate something after the proofs or the epilogue. The same author on p. 364.6 also knows a counter-narrative (antidiegesis) (that is, when the opponents introduce narratives given differently and we narrate against them). The explanation of the terms as such is taken from an author who lived after Demetrius of Phaleron, cf. the same Anonymous p. 374.6.
9. Rufus, On Rhetoric (On Exposition): There are four kinds: narrative, side narrative, pre-narrative and sub-narrative. (8) A narrative, as we said, is the mere description of what happened [因. (17) A side narrative is a narrative in the manner of a narrative that is added and borrowed from the outside to what is useful for the underlying speech [因. (454, 8W.) A pre-narrative is a causal description inserted before the narrative that deals with the matter itself [因. (14) A sub-narrative happens when, alongside the facts of the matter, we describe both the judgements of the actors and their reasons. Narrative and pre-narrative were already in Theodorus, but sub-narrative is not to be changed into additional narrative is shown also by the Scholium B on Iliad 1.527.
10. Martianus Capella, On Rhetoric: Some have claimed that there are five kinds of narrative; for instance, Theodorus of Byzantium distinguishes in Greek between pre-narrative, sub-narrative, side narrative, counter-narrative and pure narrative. Fortunatianus, Ars 2.19 p. 112.5 f. Halm distinguishes eight forms of narratives, namely narrative, counter-narrative, partial narrative, side narrative, sub-narrative, pure narrative, additional narrative, disposition. One can sense a follower of Theodorus. The following teachings of the anonymous (Cornutus) 1 p. 443, 19 Sp. (= p. 375, 9 H.) refer not to genres but to the manner of narrating: Theodorus claims that there are many kinds of narrative and in procedures of paragraphe specifically two, that of the charge and that of the paragraphe itself. W. Schmid (Gesch. d. gr. Lit. III 1 p. 193, 4) argues that these words refer to the Theodorus we are dealing with here.
11. Aristotle, Rhetoric 2.23.28 1400 b9: Another topic consists in making use of errors committed, for purposes of prosecution or defence. For instance, in the Medea of Carcinus, some accuse Medea of having killed her childrenat any rate, they disappeared; for she had made the mistake of sending them out of the way. Medea herself pleads that she would have slain, not her children, but her husband Jason; for it would have been a mistake on her part not to have done this, if she had done the other. This topic and kind of enthymeme is the subject of the whole of the first Techne of Theodorus. There is doubt as to whether one should take this passage to refer to an earlier Art by Theodorus or one before Theodorus; the latter is the view of Spengel, which I deem correct. On this issue see F. Solmsen, RE. V A 2, 1843, 32 f. Certainly making use of errors committed for purposes of prosecution is consistent with the custom of exposing the opponents character, something that pertains to the most ancient rhetoric. The scholiast ad loc. (p. 146, 5 R.) writes: The rhetoric of Theodorus handed down the precept of attacking someone based on his errors, which however is so unsound that it seems to have been taken from Aristotle's words themselves with no mind paid to what before means. Hamberger (99 f.) points out that Antiphon deals with this topos excellently.
12. Aristotle, Rhetoric 3.11.6 1412 a23 1412 b2: And good riddles are agreeable for the same reason; for there is learning, and it is spoken metaphorically. And what Theodorus calls novelties. They arise when there is paradox, and, as he puts it, not in accordance with our previous expectation, but just like alterations in jokes, which can become puns from a letter change. For they are deceptive, also in poetry; for instance, the following verse does not finish as the hearer expected: And he strode on, under his feetchilblains, whereas the hearer thought he was going to say sandals. This kind of joke is clear as soon as it is said. Puns mean not what is said, but something else, which it twists; for instance, when Theodorus said to Nicon, the player on the cithara, you are troubled (庛廔救庰庣); for while pretending to say something troubles you, he deceives; for he means something else. Therefore the joke is only agreeable to one who understands the point; for if one does not know that Nicon is Thracian, he will not see any urbanity in it. Many dealt with the art of speaking novelties; Theodorus claimed that novel expressions were opposed to the opinion prevailing so far, that is, if someone gave a word a meaning very different from the customary one, which Aristotle criticizes. The lyre-player Nicon was of Thracian origin and this must have been well-known for the listeners to understand that it was an urbane saying, as it would not have been funny to someone who did not know it. For Theodorus did not say it troubles you but, changing one letter, he sang Thracian songs, alluding to Nicons impure manner of singing (cf. Schol. P. 212, 10 R.: He calls modified the jokes created by the change of one letter, for instance, by saying to somebody who lisps : [因).
13. Scholia on Aristotles Rhetoric: But Theodorus, too, who was a rhetor, says that using the popular images conveys novelties or half-foreign meanings even if it seems to be saying something else according to the appearance, as in The cicadae will sing for them from the ground. This happens when something is signified either against the appearance, whenever the mental image is paradoxical, or against the initial impression and not the way one speaks according to the appearance.
14. Aristotle, Rhetoric 2.23.16 1399a29: Again, since men do not praise the same things in public and in secret, but in public chiefly praise what is just and beautiful, and in secret rather wish for what is expedient, another topic consists in endeavoring to infer its opposite from one or other of these statements. This topic is the most weighty of those that deal with paradox. Cf. Athenaeus 122b: Cephisodorus [因 says that one would certainly find one or maybe two bad claims by any other poet or sophist [因. As for Theodorus, (the bad claims are) that he encourages to have more, but then praises having equal shares. Theodorus is mentioned between Archilochus and Euripides, and Kaibel suspects he was a poet, see his index on Athenaeus, p. 667, referring to Bergk P. l. g.4 II 376, Keil Anal. Isocr. p. 99. It is strange, though, how much similarity there is with Aristotle. Cf. Spengel ad Ar. rhet. p. 318 f.; [Isocr.] ad Demonic. 38. Bergk, however, in the passage cited by Kaibel opines that this Theodorus is a poet different from the one Kaibel thinks of.
15. Philodemos, On Rhetoric: Even the powerful do not deceive others as much as they are deceived. On this note, I wonder whether Theodorus did not deceive many people plenty of times: though having the ability to deceive, he admits that he himself is often in error. Deceive with it, that is, with rhetoric. Thedorus is not a certain reconstruction of the fragmentary text. Sudhaus inserts not instead of himself. On the concept of deception cf. Gorgias in Plutarch, De gloria Atheniensium 348 C, De audiendis poetis 15 B, Helen 8.
16. On the rhetor Rufinus on Theodorus see Gorgias Frag. 38.
17. Quintilian, 2.15.16: Aristotle seems to have subjected everything to the orator by saying: There is a power of seeing what is persuasive about each and every thing. So does Iatrocles, who while he does not add about each and every thing, conveys the same concept by not naming any exceptions; for he refers to a power of finding what is persuasive in a speech. Such definitions too cover nothing but invention. Theodorus, on the other hand, avoids that flaw by positing a power of finding and ornately expressing what is credible in any speech. Even if Theodorus name was handed down correctly, it would not be clear whether the one of Byzantium is meant. W. Schmid (Gesch. d. gr. Lit. III 1 p. 193.4) is wrong to think that Theodorus of Byzantiums definition of narrative is preserved in the anonymous Seg. (Cornutus) p. 434, 25 Sp., for the Theodorus who is named in that passage after Neocles and Zeno and before Apollodorus the opponent of Theodorus of Gadara must be that Th. of Gadara.
18. Treatise On the Sublime: To this comes a third kind of flaw in impassioned speech, which Theodorus called affectation of style. That is, Theodorus of Gadara, teacher of Tiberius. Spengel himself thought it very dubious that the one of Byzantium could be mentioned here. For most sayings that later authors attribute to a Theodorus appear to be from Theodorus of Gadara. |