XXXIII. EPHORUS (Jac怷by FGrHist. 70) 1. Theo Progymn. 2, p. 71, 19 Sp.: 帠帠彖弮庢 帤宎 廒徆庣怷彖, 廔帢彖 庰廒區 廒庥庰彃彖峎 庣 廒弮峟彃 怷廔 廔 弮峟帢, 廒庰 廒庰庣 廔弮怷庣庢帢 廔裒 廔 庰庤彖, 怷廒煙彖 廒庣 廔 廒匿敖樁統團磁彖繚 帤庣廔 庥帢廔 峎彖庰 怷廒 帠帠帢庰彃 廒庥怷彖庰 廒弮巹怷庣彖 庰廒區 廔 帠峟彖怷 怷彃羊怷. 廔 帠怷彃缶 廒怷怷 廒彖 彃 庰廔 弇峟徆庰 帤庣宎 帢廔怷彃 怷彃 廒帢帠怷庰怷彖怷 弇帠怷, 弮廔 彃 廒彖庛弮彃 彃庛帢庣 帤庣帢弇峟庥彃, 庰廔庛廔磁 廒彖 廒彃 巹怷彖 庰廒棲庢庥庰彖 庰廒區彖繚 峎弇庣彖 帤廔 庰廔 彃 廒彖庛弮怷 帤庣峟徆庰庣弮庣.
2. Cic. orat. 57, 191: sequitur erg怷, ut, qui maxume cadant in orationem aptam numeri, videndum sit. sunt enim qui iambicum putent, quod sit orationis simillimus, qua de causa fieri, ut is potissimum propter similitudinem veritatis adhibeatur in fabulis, quod ille dactylicus numerus hexametrorum magni eloquentiae sit accommodatior. Ephorus autem, levis ipse orator, sed profectus ex optuma disciplina, paeana sequitur aut dactylum, fugit autem spondeum et trochaeum. quod enim paean habeat tris brevis, dactylus autem duas, brevitate et celeritate syllabarum labi putat verba proclivius contraque accidere in spondeo et trochaeo, quod alter e longis constaret, alter e brevibus, fieri alteram nimis incitatam, alteram nimis tardam orationem, neutram temperatam. 3 fieri ut is L: ratione A 8 quo (i. e. qu怷m) A 10 fieret
3. Quint. inst. 9, 4, 87: licet igitur paeana sequatur Ephorus, inventum a Thrasimacho, probatum ab Aristotele, dactylumque ut temperatos brevibus ac longis, fugiat <spondeum et> tr怷chaeum, alterius tarditate nimia, alterius celeritate damnata
4. Cic. orat. 57, 194: Ephorus vero ne spondeum quidem, quem fugit, intellegit esse aequalem dactylo, quem probat; syllabis enim metiendos pedes, non intervallis existimat; quod idem facit in trochaeo, qui temporibus et intervallis est par iamb怷, sed eo vitiosas in oratione, si ponatur extremus, quod verba melius in syllabas longiores cadunt. Trochaeum intellege tribrachyn, cf. Dion. Hal. opuscul. vol. II praef. p. V.
5. Ibid. 64, 218: iam paean, quod pluris habeat syllabas quam tris, numerus a quibusdam, non pes habetur; est quidem, ut inter omnis constat antiquos, Aristotelen Theophrastum The怷decten Ephorum, unus aptissimus orationi vel orienti vel mediae: putant illi etiam cadenti. F. Leo, Herm. 24, 286. Quint. inst. 9, 4, 95 sq.
6. Philod. 庰廔 怷庣庢弮. VI 185, 25. 186, 1: 廒棲 帤宎 廒怷怷彖 廒徆庣怷彃 [廔裒 ]廔 庰<廔>庛弮[帢帢] * * 廒怷庰弇庰彃庛帢[庣 廔棒稽 弇庰庣怷峎庢彖, 怷廔 廔庣 廔棒 帤彖帢廔棒 弮庰庛怷帤庰庰庛帢庣 峟庣彖. Suppleas fere 廔裒 廔 庰廔庛弮帢帢 <廒徆庰帠峎帢庛帢庣 廔棒 弇峟徆庣彖 帤庣廔 廔 帤庰彃彖>
7. [Sergii] Explanatio in Donatum I (Gr. L. V 531, 17 sq. K.): (quartae prosodiae i. e. 庰庣弮峟彖庢) plura sunt vocabula. Ammonius... 廔徆帣帢庣彖 vocat, Ephorus autem Cymaeus 庰巹帢庣彖. Adiecit fragmentis Jacoby. De rebus mere grammaticis hos scriptores egisse docent Protagorae, Prodici, Hippiae exempla.
8. Schol. BT Homeri Il. H 185: 怷廔 怷廒 帢廔怷廔 帠廔區 廒羊帢彖 帢廔 彄剿庣 怷彃 廒弇弇庢庣 帢帢庥彃庰. 帤庣峎怷帢 帤廔 庥帢廔 廔 彃僇 怷庣庰巹彖 廔彖弮帢帢 廔＋ 廔 峎彖. 帢弇弇巹帢怷 帤廔 廔 峉峎弮庣怷 廒廔 彃僇 庰弇怷怷彖彖庢庣帢庥彃僇 帢庢彖 弮庰峸彖庰帠庥庰 廔棒 帠帢弮弮帢庣庥廔棒 庥帢廔 帢峟帤庥庰彖 廒庛庢彖帢巹怷庣 廒巹 廒怷彖怷 廔庥弇庰巹帤怷, 廔＋ 庢庣彖 廒怷怷.
9. Polyb. XII. 28, 11: (Ephorus) 庥帢廔 帤峟 庣彖帢 彖巹帢彖 庰廔帢庣帢帢 庥帢廔 庣庛帢彖帢帢 庰廔 彃 帠庥巹庰 庰廒棲庢庥庰 彃 彃僇 廒救怷庣怷帠峎彖 庥帢廔 弇怷帠怷帠峎彖. Ad rem explicandam addimus Philodemi rhet. I 48, 23 S.: 怷廔庥 帢廔怷庰弇彃 帤宎 廒庥庰庛庰巹庥帢庣彖, 庥帢巹庰 廒庣帣峎弇弇怷彖怷, 怷廔帤廔 廔棒 廒帤庰庣徆庣彖 廔棒 廔廔紮 怷彃 廔棒 怷庣庣庥廔棒 庰廔 廔區 [弇o帠怷]帠帢巹帢 庥帢廔 廔區 廒庣帤庰巹徆庰庣 峟彖庢彖 廔峎庰庣彖. De historici opere Ephorum verba fecisse etiam e Polybii XII 27, 7 apparet: 廔 弮廔統 帠廔區 廒怷 庢庣彖, 庰廒 帤彖帢廔裕 廒缶 帢廔怷廔磁 帢庰彃彖帢庣 彄剿庣 怷彃 峎帠弮帢庣, 帢庢彖 廒彖 帤庣帢峟庰庣彖 怷弇廔 彃僇 <廒弇弇彖> 廒弮庰庣庣彃僇. Ipse quidem ab Heraclidarum reditu historiam scribere exorsus, logographos impr怷basse videtur, quod mythos historiae insererent.
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XXXIII. Ephorus
1. Theon, Preliminary Exercises: It is forgivable when one falls into those metres that bear some similarity to prose, such as iambs; so much so that all writers fall unwittingly into this last metre. Ephoros, for instance, says in his book On Expression, in the very part where he prohibits using versified speech, right in the very first clause: I shall speak of versified speech again.
2. Cicero, Orator 57.191: It follows, therefore, that we need to look into which metres best fit a proper speech. Some think it is the iamb, since it is closest to natural speech, which is allegedly the reason why it is used in tales more than any other, to emulate truth; whereas the dactylic hexameter is more apt for magniloquence. Ephorus, however, an orator who is himself light-hearted, but coms from a very good school, follows the paean or the dactyl but avoids the spondee and trochee. For he thinks that since the paean has three short syllables, the dactyl two, the words slide down more steeply due to the shortness and speed of the syllables, while the opposite happens with the spondee and trochee: since one consists of long syllables, the other of short ones, one kind of speech becomes too hasty, the other too slow, neither moderate.
3. Quintilian 9.4.87: Ephorus follows the paean, which was invented by Thrasymachus and approved of by Aristotle, as well as the dactyl, because these metres are balanced through short and long syllables, but avoids the spondee and the trochee, rejecting the one as too slow, the other as too fast. 4. Cicero, Orator 57.194: Ephorus does not understand that the spondee, which he avoids, is equivalent to the dactyl, which he approves of; for he thinks we should measure a foot by syllables and not by pauses. He does the same with the trochee (here: tribrachys), which is equivalent to the iamb in lengths and pauses, but flawed in a speech if put at the end, since it is better for words to end in longer syllables. Cf. Dion. Hal. opuscul. vol. 2 Preface. p. V.
5. Cicero, Orator 64.218: The paean is by now regarded by some to be a metre, not a foot, because it has more than three syllables. It is, as all the ancients Aristotle, Theophrastus, Theodectes, Ephorus agree, the most apt by far for either the beginning or the middle of a speech; they even thought it was for the end, too. F. Leo, Herm. 24, 286; Quint. 9.4.95 f.
6. Philodemus, On Poems: He probably judges that Ephoros achieves the best rhythm in the smoothest way, not to speak of his going after whatever pleasure is possible. You might fill the lacuna with something like makes his style as rhythmical as possible because one must end in the smoothest possible way.
7. Pseudo-Sergius interpretation on Donatus, I: For the fourth accentuation [that is, the one pronounced with a circumflex] there are many words. Ammonius [因 calls it oxybaris, Ephorus of Cymae perispasis. Jacoby adds this to his collection of fragments. That these writers dealt merely with grammatical issues is shown through the example of Protagoras, Prodicus and Hippias.
8. Scholion BT on Homer, Iliad 8.185: The Greeks did not have the same letters everywhere. The names of the letters themselves were different, like the san [instead of sigma]. Callistratus of Samos brought over the writing system at the time of the Peloponnesian war and gave it to the Athenians during the archonship of Euclides, as Ephoros writes.
9. Polybius 12.28.11: And it so happens that his (Ephorus) most elegant and convincing digression is on this very subject of a comparison between historians and speech-writers. To explain this statement, we add Philodemus On Rhetoric 1.48, 23 S.: Neither did they expound as autonomous (although it would have been consistent) the proof of the thesis that the sophistic art is about writing speeches and making demonstrations. That Ephorus spoke also about the work of the historian is apparent also from Polybius 12.27.7: Ephorus writes that if it were possible for them to see with their own eyes all that happens, history would be entirely different from all other empirical sciences. He himself appears to have written historiography, starting from the return of the Heraclidae, and to have scolded the speechwriters for inserting myths into history. |