XXI. POLYCRATES 1. Quint. inst. 3, 1, 11: Antiphon quoque artem et ipse composuit... etiam Polycrates et Theodorus Byzantius (v. A V 10) Artis Polycrateae vix certum testimonium.
2. Aeschri怷 fr. 8, 5 Bgk., 6, 5 D.: 怷廔 帠廔區 弮廔 廔裕 彃彖宎, 怷廔 弮廔 怷廔磁 庥峎 庥怷怷, 怷廔庥 廒缶 廒 廒彖帤帢 弮峎弇怷 怷廔帤廔 帤庢弮帤庢. 怷弇庥峎庢 帤廔 廔棒 帠庰彖廔棒 廒庛庢彖帢彃怷, 弇帠彖 庣 帢庣峎弇庢弮帢 庥帢廔 庥帢庥廔 帠弇彃剿帢, 廒帠帢庰彖, 廒宎 廒帠帢. 廒帠廔 帠廔區 怷廔庥 怷廒僇棒. Cf. Athen. 335 b/c ad locum.
3. Dion. Hal. de Isae怷, p. 123, 8 U. R.: 怷弇庥峎庢 帤廔 庥庰彖廔裒 弮廔統 廒彖 怷彃 廒弇庢庛庣彖怷彃, 廔裒 帤廔 庥帢廔 怷庣庥廔裒 廒彖 怷彃 廒庣帤庰庣庥庣庥怷彃, 廒帢庣 帤廔 廒彖 怷彃 帢庣庰彖庣弮怷彃 帤庰怷弮峟彖怷庣 廒巹. Eundem nihil novi ad scribendi stilum conformandum addidisse dicit De Demosthene p. 143, 6 sq. U. R.
4. Isocr. 11 (B怷庣庣), 1: 廒用棒圖帢 弮廔統 廒彖 怷庣 (i. e. Polycrati) 庰廔 廔弇庢 廒帢庢庣帢峎弮庢彖 彃 帢庣帤庰庰, 庰廔 廒彖 廒彖峎帠庥帢帢庣 帤庣帢巹帣庰庣彖. 廒﹡割蹄縝弮帢庣 帠廔區 怷彃 廒彖帢徆巹 弮廔統 帤怷彃羊庣彖, 廒庥 帤廔 庣弇怷怷巹帢 庢弮帢巹庤庰庛帢庣 庤庢怷彃羊庣彖 廒帢彖帢 怷廔磁 弇庰巹 庰帢帠弮帢庰弮峟彖怷 庥帢廔 弮彄僇銜銜諺 廒庢庥庣帣弮峟彖怷 怷峸庥庰庣彖 廒庛庰弇怷彖廔區 怷彃羊怷彖 庰廒區峟庰庣彖 廔裕 廒帢彖怷彖. (Ibid. 50 弮廔 庛帢弮峎彃, 庰廒 彖庰庰怷 廔卅賤 廒庣庰庣彃 庰 彖怷庛庰庰彃彖.) Polycratis Zoilus (v. i.) fuit discipulus sec. Aelianum v. h. 11, 10, Demosthenes sec. Sudae lexicon. Scriptores, qualis fuit Polycrates, Philodemus perstringit rhet. I 217, 5 sq.
5. Pausan. 6, 17, 9: 廒裕疢彖 廒彖 庰帢弇巹彄 帢彖彖峸帢 怷弇庥峎怷 怷廔 廔 廒帢帢 廒彖庰帠庥帢弮峟彖怷 帤庣帤帢庥帢弇庰巹怷 彃僇 (trad. 怷彃) 廒庛峸彖庢庣, 怷怷 怷彃 廒彖帤廔裒 廒巹怷庛庰彖 帢廔廔裕 (sc. 怷帠巹帢彖) 廔 廒裕疢彖 廒怷庣峸帢怷.
6. Isocr. or. 11 (怷巹庣帤怷) 廔庛庰庣: 怷彃羊怷彖 廔裕 弇帠怷彖 帠峎庰庣 廔裒 怷弇庥峎庢 庣彖廔 怷庣峸彖, 廒徆 廒彖峎帠庥庢 廒弇庛彖帢 廒廔 廔 怷庣庰庰庣彖 帤庣廔 庰彖巹帢彖, 廒庛庢彖帢彃怷彖 弮廔統 彃 帠峟彖庰庣, 怷庣庰怷彖帢 帤廔 彖彃缶 廒彖 彃. Quae ex Isocratis declamatione colligimus tamquam a Polycrate proposita, Sauppius expressit Or. Att. II 221 a I.
7. Isocr. 11 (怷庣庣), 48 (Polycratem adloquitur): 廒弇弇廔 帠廔區 廒棲 廒彖 庰廒棲怷庣, 廔＋ 怷廔帤廔 廔 怷彃羊怷 帢峟弇帢庛庰彖, 廒弇弇宎 廒帣怷弇峸庛庢 怷彃 庣弇怷怷庣 帢峎帤庰庣帠弮帢 庥帢帢弇庣庰彃彖, 廔＋ 廔 庰廔 彃僇 帢廒區彃僇 帢廒區庣彃僇 庥帢廔 帤庰彃僇 帢帠弮峎彖 怷庣庰彃庛帢庣 廔區 廒怷弇怷帠巹帢. 廒弇弇宎 庰廒 5 庥帢廔 庰怷彖 廒帠彖庰庣, 廒﹡割蹄縝弮帢巹 怷庣 彖彃缶 帠庰帠庰彖彃庛帢庣 帢彖庰彖, 廔庣 怷弇廔 庛彄剿怷彖 廒彖 庣 庛庰巹庢 弮庢帤廔統 庛庰帠徆峎弮庰彖怷 廒 怷彃羊怷彖 廔裕 怷彖 廒怷弇怷帠庢峎弮庰彖怷. 庥帢廔 弮廔統 帤廔 庥帢廔 怷彃羊怷 帤彃弇怷彖, 廔庣 彃 庣弇怷怷巹帢 廒庣庥峸 帤庣帢庥庰庣弮峟彖庢 庥帢廔 庛怷彖怷弮峟彖庢 帤庣廔 怷廔磁 怷庣怷怷 彃僇 弇帠彖 廒庣 弮彄僇銜銜諺 帢廔廔棒 弮庣峸怷庣彖. 廒卅 怷廔彖 廒弮怷廔 庰巹庛彃, 10 弮峎弇庣帢 弮廔統 怷廔 怷庣峸庰庣 怷彃 弇怷庣怷彃 怷彖庢廔區 廔怷庛峟庰庣, 庰廒 帤廔 弮峸, 怷庣帢彃羊帢 庤庢峸庰庣 弇峟帠庰庣彖, 廒徆 廔形 弮峸宎 帢廔廔裒 庰巹彖 庰廒僇諄敖 帤徆庰庣 弮峸庰 怷廔磁 弮庣弮怷弮峟彖怷 弇弮帢彖庰彃 弮峸庰 廔棒 庰廔 怷廔磁 弇帠怷 帢巹帤庰庣彖 帤庣帢帣帢弇庰彃. 5 廒﹡割蹄縝弮帢庣 怷廒僇樁敖 rell. 10 怷庣峸庰庣 怷庣庣 oratio nomine erat 廒帠庥弮庣怷彖, re vera 廒怷弇怷帠巹帢, sicut Gorgiae 廒弇峟彖庢 廒帠庥弮庣怷彖 vel Anaximenis (Isocratis Helenae or. Hypoth.). Est 怷 彃僇 帢帢帤徆彖, Aristotelis XV, rhet. 1399 a 29. Inde Philodemi vituperatio rhet. I 216, 18 S. 怷廒 彃用煙怷庣庥怷廔 怷庣帢廔 怷庰巹庣帤帢 庥帢廔 怷弇峸弮怷 庥帢廔 怷庣怷怷 廒弇弇怷 廒帠庥弮庣峎庤怷彖庰 廔 彃僇 廒帠帢庛彃僇 廒帢庛弇帢 庥怷庣彖怷怷庣怷彃羊庣 庥帢廔 怷弇弇怷廔磁 庰廒僇諄敖 o彖庢怷廔磁 怷峟怷彖帢庣.
8. Quint. inst. II 17, 4: equidem illos, qui c怷ntra disputaverunt (sc. dicentes artem non esse rhetoricen), non tam id sensisse, quod dicerent, quam exercere ingenia materiae difficultate credo voluisse, sicut Polycraten, cum Busirim laudaret et Clytaemestram, quamquam is, quod his dissimile n怷n est, c怷mposuisse orationem, quae esset habita contra Socraten, dicitur. Clytaemestrae laudem fortasse Philodemus intellegit rhet. I 217, 26 S. (cf. infra C 73). Socratis accusationem item fuisse 怷彖庢廔匿 廔庛庰庣彖, ut Isocratis verbis utar, Quintilianus adfirmat, habitam eam esse falso enuntians, sicut alii eam scriptores cum Anyti oratione confundunt (Fragmenta v. apud Sauppium Or. Att. II 222 a VII). Quam tamen meram fuisse declamationem non dixerim.
9. Alexander 庰廔 彃用煙怷. 廒怷弮彃僇 III p. 3, 10 Sp.: 廒弮峟弇庰庣 廔帢彖 帢 廒帠庥弮庣峎庤弮庰彖 廒 峸怷, 廔＋ 怷弇庥峎庢, 怷廔 峎彖 庥帢廔 庰庛帢弮帢庥庰 廔棒 帢彖 廒 廔區 峸怷 廒帢庣彖怷彃缶樁舒, 廒弇弇廔 帠弮彖峎庤怷彖庰 廒帢怷廔磁 庣庛帢彖怷彃 庣庣 弇帠怷庣. Eadem Scholia Aphthonii, quae Sabatucci edidit, Stud. ital. 16 (1908) p. 83, 25 sq. et Ioannes Sard. p. 123, 11 sq. R., ubi post 怷弇庥峎庢 addendo 廒 帢弇峎庥帢彖 廒 弮彃帢彖 Synesii et Luciani memoria inmiscetur 廒弮峟怷, 庰怷彃, 帢 廒帠庥弮庣帢 se nosse ait Plutarchus Mor. 44 F. Plato symp. 177 B: 廒弇弇宎 廒帠帠庰 廒卅棒 庣彖廔 廒彖峟怷彖 帣庣帣弇巹彃 廒彖帤廔裒 怷怷彃, 廒彖 彄 廒彖彃帢彖 廒弇庰 廒帢庣彖怷彖 庛帢弮峎庣怷彖 廒怷彖庰 廔裒 廔峟弇庰庣帢彖, 庥帢廔 廒弇弇帢 怷庣帢彃羊帢 彖廔 廒棒棒諺圖 廒彖 廒帠庥庰庥弮庣帢弮峟彖帢. Isocr. 10, 12: 彃僇 弮廔統 帠廔區 怷廔磁 帣怷弮帣弇庣怷廔磁 庥帢廔 怷廔磁 廒弇帢 庥帢廔 廔 怷庣帢彃羊帢 帣怷弇庢庛峟彖彖 廒帢庣彖庰彃彖 怷廔帤庰廔剿 怷庰 弇帠彖 廒庢庰彖. Menander 庰廔 廒庣帤. 29 W IX 131, 5, p. 332, 26 Sp. 怷廔帤宎 廒庥庰彃彖怷 廒帠彖怷彃, 廔庣 庥帢廔 彃僇 廒弇彃僇 庥帢廔 彃僇 怷庣怷彖 廒及棒 庣彖廔紮 彃僇 峎弇帢庣 怷庣彃僇 廒帢巹彖怷 彖峟帠帢帢彖. Haec quoque 帢巹帠彖庣帢 ad Polycraten relata sunt; de universa materia Blass II2 370 sq., M羹nscher, Rh. M. 54, 255 sq.
10. Aristot. rhet. 1401 b 15: 廒弇弇怷 (sc. 怷 彃僇 帢庣彖怷弮峟彖彖 廒彖庛弮庢弮峎彖) 帤庣廔 廔 弮帣庰帣庢庥, 怷廒煎諺 廔 弇峟帠庰庣 怷弇庥峎庢 庰廒區 怷廔磁 弮彃羊, 廔庣 廒帣怷峸庛庢帢彖 帤庣帢帢帠彖庰 廔區 彖庰峎. Ubi schol.: 怷弇峟弮彖 廒救怷庰彃 怷廔磁 廒弮廔 峇峎帤帢 庥帢怷庣庥怷彃缶誕帢 廒廔 庢弮彃僇 庣彖彖 怷廔磁 廒巹怷 弮彃羊 峟帣庰庛帢庣 帤庣廔 廔 廔區 彖庰廔區 彃僇 徆彖 彃僇 怷弇庰弮巹彖 帢帠庰彃彖, 廔裒 帤廔 庥帢廔 怷廔磁 廔庰彃 彃僇 廒巹帤彖 廒反怷庣 怷廔磁 弇怷. Ex 弮彃僇 aliquo encomio huc relatum a Spengelio, quod Aristoteles pr怷tulit rhet. 1401 a 12: 廒彖 帤廔 廔 帢廔 廔棒 廔弮彖弮巹帢彖, 廔 峎彖帢庣 怷帤帢彃怷彖 庰廒僇諄敖 弮彃缶. 廒宎 怷廔 帠宎 廒廔僇 廒 庣弮庣峎庢 帢彃僇 庰弇庰峸繚 廔 帠廔區 弮峸庣帢 帢彃僇 庣弮庣峎庢 庰弇庰峸. V. Philod. rhet. I p. 215, 10 S., Menander 庰廔 廒庣帤. p. 332, 13 Sp.
11. Demetr. de eloc. 120: 庥帢巹怷庣 庣彖峟 帢庣 帤庰彃彖 廔 弮庣庥廔 弮庰帠峎弇 弇峟帠庰庣彖 庥帢廔 庢弮庰彃怷彖 怷彃羊怷 廒﹡割蹄縝彖帢庣 廔庰帣帢弇弇怷庢 帤彖峎弮庰. 廒帠廔 帤廔 怷弇庥峎庰庣 弮彃缶 彃 彃用晅怷庣 帠彃 廒帠庥弮庣峎庤怷彖庣 廔＋ 廒帠帢弮峟弮彖怷彖帢 廒彖 廒彖庣庛峟怷庣 庥帢廔 弮庰帢怷帢彃 庥帢廔 彄剿庣 怷彃 廒帠庥弮庣帢庣庥怷彃 怷庣. 廒帢庣庤庰彖 帠峎, 怷廔庥 廒怷帤帢庤庰, 庥帢廔 帢廔廔裒 彃 5 帠帢彃 廔 廔帠庥怷 帢巹帠彖庣彖 廒庣. 3 弮彃缶: 弮廔統 cod. <庰巹庢彖> 廔＋ 廒帠. suppleverat E. Maass. 6 帢巹帠彖庣怷彖: vide ad Gorgiae Helenam quae adnotata sunt.
12. Isocr. Helenae or. Hypothesis: 庣彖廔紮 弇峟帠怷庣彖, 廔＋ 廔庣 庥帢廔 廔裕 弇帠怷彖 怷彃羊怷彖 廒帠帢庰 廔裒 怷弇庥峎庢彖, 廒庣弇帢弮帣帢彖弮庰彖怷 帢廔怷彃 庥帢廔 廒彖 怷彃, 怷廔庥 廒庣 帤峟繚 庥帢廔 帠廔區 廔 廒彖帢彖巹怷彖 彖峟帣庢. 廒庥庰彃彖怷 帠廔區 怷弇庥峎庢 廒庰弇峎帣庰怷 怷彃 廒裒怷庥峎怷 廔＋ 庥帢庥彃剿 帠峎帢彖怷 廔裕 弇帠怷彖 怷彃羊怷彖, 廔甩庰 廒庥庰巹彖怷 廒庰弇峎帣庰怷 廒彖 彃 怷巹庣帤庣.
13. Aristot. rhet. 1401 a 24: 廒弇弇怷 (sc. 怷 彃僇 帢庣彖怷弮峟彖彖 廒彖庛弮庢弮峎彖), 廔 帤庣彃庢弮峟彖怷彖 彖庣庛峟彖帢 弇峟帠庰庣彖 廒 廔 帠庥庰巹弮庰彖怷彖 帤庣帢庣怷彃缶誕帢. 廒庰廔 帠廔區 帢廔廔裕 帤怷庥庰彃 庰廒僇諄敖 怷廔庥 廔彖 帢廔廔 怷弇弇峎庥庣, 廔庰怷彖 庢庣弮庰怷彖, 怷彃羊怷 帤庰彃 怷庣庰彃彖... (33) 峎弇庣彖 廔 怷弇庥峎怷 庰廒區 帢帣怷弇怷彖, 廔庣 庣峎庥怷彖帢 峎彖彖怷 庥帢峟弇庰彖. Schol. ad l. p. 150, 7 R.: 廔 怷弇庥峎庢 彃用晅 廔卅 廒帢庣彖怷彖 廒怷巹庢庰彖 庰廒區 帢帣怷弇怷彖. Laconum vituperationem a Iosepho commemoratam (c. Apionem l 221) in Thrasybuli laudibus locum habuisse Sauppius coniecit (Or. Att. 221 b V).
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XXI. Polycrates 1. Quintilian 3.1.11: Antiphon too [因 wrote a treatise himself [因 and so did Polycrates [因 and Theodorus of Byzantium. Hardly a clear testimony of a handbook by Polycrates.
2. Aeschrion fr. 8: No, by Zeus, by the boys below the Earth, I was not lustful toward men nor a common whore. But Polycrates, Athenian born and bred, a subtle speaker and a bad tongue, wrote whatever he wrote. I dont know.
Cf. Athen. 335 b-c ad loc
3. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, On Isaeus: Polycrates is hollow when it is about the truth, lame and coarse in epideictic speeches and unpleasant wherever pleasantry is required. In On Demosthenes p. 143, 6 f. U. R. he also says that this author did not contribute anything to the development of the writing style.
4. Isocrates, Busiris 1: I should have been greatly pleased to discuss frankly with you (Polycrates) and fully the education with which you have been obliged to occupy yourself. For I believe that when men through no fault of their own are unfortunate and so seek in philosophy a source of gain, it is the duty of all who have had a wider experience in that occupation, and have become more thoroughly versed in it, to make this contribution voluntarily for their benefit. (Ibid. 50: Do not be surprised if I attempt to admonish you though being younger than you.) Zoilus (see under his name) was a student of Polycrates according to Aelian Various History 11.10; so was Demosthenes according to Suda. Philodemus On Rhetoric 1.217, 5 f. criticizes writers like Polycrates.
5. Pausanias 6.17.9: Jason, the tyrant of Thessaly, placed him (Gorgias) before Polycrates, who was a shining light of the Athenian school.
6. Hypothesis to Isocrates, Busiris: He wrote this speech against some sophist named Polycrates, who was forced by poverty to become a sophist; Athenian by birth, but practicing his profession on Cyprus. Sauppe Or. Att. II 221 a l expounds what I have selected from Isocrates declamation as having been published by Polycrates.
7. Isocrates, Busiris 48f. (speaking to Polycrates): But perhaps you will say that you too were not unaware of all this but that you wished to bequeath to men of learning an example of how pleas in defense of shameful charges and difficult causes ought to be made. But I think it has now been made clear to you, even if you were previously in ignorance, that an accused person would sooner gain acquittal by not uttering a word than by pleading his cause in this way. And, furthermore, this too is evident, that philosophy, which is already in mortal jeopardy and is hated, will be detested even more because of such discourses. If, then, you will listen to me, you will preferably not deal in future with such base subjects, but if that cannot be, you will seek to speak of such things as will neither injure your own reputation, nor corrupt your imitators, nor bring the teaching of rhetoric into disrepute.
The speech Busiris was styled as an encomium, but was in truth a defense speech, like Gorgias Encomium of Helen and that by Anaximenes (see the hypothesis to Isocrates Helen). It belongs to the topos of paradox (Aristoteles XV, Rhetoric 1399a29). Hence Philodemus vituperation, On Rhetoric 1.216,18 S.: The sophistic rhetoricians, by praising Busiris and Polyphemus and the like, make the rewards for good people commonplace and encourage many to be bad.
8. Quintilian 2.17.4: I think that those who have argued against this (rhetoric being an art) did not so much mean what they said but rather wanted to challenge peoples intelligence through the difficulty of the matter, as did Polycrates, for instance, in praising Busiris and Clytemnestra although he (what is not different from it) is said to have written a speech that was given against Socrates. Phlodemus On Rhetoric I 217, 26 S. may mean the praise of Clytaemnestra (cf. below, C 73). Quintilian claims that the accusation speech against Socrates was likewise a bad starting point (to use Isocrates terminology), wrongly asserting that it was actually given, just as other authors confuse it with Anytus speech (see the fragments in Sauppe Or. Att. II 222 a VII). I would still argue it was not a mere declamation.
9. Alexander, On Rhetorical Starters [?]: No doubt when we praise pots or pebbles, as did Polycrates, we in no way do so because we admire the pot or the pebbles, but simply to practice giving persuasive speeches. The same scholia on Aphthonius that Sabatucci edited, Stud. ital. 16 (1908) p. 83, 25 f., and John of Sardis p. 123, 11 f. R., where, by adding either a bald head or a fly after Polycrates, the memory of Synesius and Lucian is mixed in. Plutarch Moralia 44 F claims to know of praises of vomit, fever, and of a cooking-pot; Plato symp. 177 B: But I have come across a book by a wise man in which salt got a wonderful praise for its usefulness and you could see many such things being praised. Isocr. 10.12: None of those who have decided to praise bumblebees or salt or the like have ever been at a loss for words. Menander On deliberative speeches 29 W IX 131.5, p. 332, 26 Sp.: I am well aware of the fact that some of the ancient sophists wrote praises of salt and the like. Such jokes have been referred to Polycrates; on this topic as a whole see Blass II2 370 f., M羹nscher, Rh. M. 54, 255 f.
10. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1401b15: Another fallacy is derived from accident; for instance, when Polycrates says of the mice, that, they rendered great service by gnawing the bowstrings. The Scholium there: Polemon reports that the inhabitants of the Troad worship the local mice following some oracles, on the grounds that they ate the strings of the enemies bows, as well as the straps of the shields or the thongs. Spengel links this topic with a praise of mice that Aristotle cites in Rhetoric 1401a12: One kind of fallacy is that of equivocation, like saying that the mouse is an important thing because from it is derived the most highly regarded of all religious festivals: the mysteries are the most honored festival of all. See Philod. On Rhetoric I p. 215, 10 S., Menander On Epideictic Speeches p. 332, 13 Sp.
11. Demetrius, On Elocution: And yet some claim that we must speak of little things in pompous tones and they think this is a sign of exceptional ability. I for my part do accept Polycrates the orator praising a mouse as much as Agamemnon with antitheses, metaphors and all the other tropes used in praises. For he was joking, not being serious, and the serious tone of the writing is itself a joke. Mouse has been inserted here by the editors in place of (the particle) men. E. Maass inserts Thersites as much as Agamemnon instead. On joke see my notes on Gorgias Helen.
12. Hypothesis on Isocrates Helena: Some say that [Isocrates] wrote this speech, too, as an attack against Polycrates. This, however, is not true, but the opposite is the case: Polycrates attacked Isocrates alleging that he wrote this speech badly, just as the latter attacked him in Busiris.
13. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1401a24: Another fallacy consists in combining what is divided or dividing what is combined. For since a thing which is not the same as another often appears to be the same, one may adopt the more convenient alternative. [因 (33) Again, one may quote what Polycrates said of Thrasybulus, that he deposed thirty tyrants. Scholium ad loc. p. 150, 7 R.: Polycrates, a rhetorician, wrote a praise of Thrasybulus. The blame of the Laconians quoted by Josephus (Against Apion 1.221), according to an hypothesis of Sauppe (Or. Att. 221 b V), was among the praises of Thrasybulus. |
[3] Tentative translation of 帢庣峎弇庢弮帢, which seems to be a slang word.