Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV

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Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV Calendar | Summer 2015

Business and Communication Joint Major

Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Business Administration

Students may opt for a bachelor of arts degree from the Faculty of Communication, Art and Technology, or a bachelor of business administration degree from the Beedie School of Business. Faculty requirements will be governed by the faculty in which the student chooses to complete a degree.

Students must qualify for, and receive admission to the CMNS joint major program, and must be accepted as a joint major in the Beedie School of Business.

Grade Requirements

In addition to normal university grade point average requirements, the Beedie School of Business requires a minimum 2.40 cumulative grade point average (CGPA) for entry into all 300 and 400 division business courses.

For a course to be accepted as fulfilling a prerequisite, or for a lower division requirement, or for a core course to be accepted in a student’s program in business or CMNS, a student must have obtained a minimum grade of C- (C minus).

Course Limit

Business students with fewer than 60 units may enrol in a maximum of 16 units per term. Those with 60 or more units may enrol in a maximum of 18 units.

Letters of Permission

The Beedie School of Business does not normally approve letters of permission for students already enrolled at Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV.

Program Requirements

Students complete 120 units, as specified below.

Lower Division Requirements

Business Lower Division Requirements

Students complete all of

BUS 237 - Introduction to Business Technology Management (3)

Introduces students to the knowledge and skills necessary to make full use of business information systems. Demonstrates how information systems are used by organizations to improve productivity and create competitive advantage. Provides hands on training in productivity tools including Excel, Visio, Access and Web design tools. Prerequisite: REQ-12 units. Students with credit for BUS 337 and COMM 337 may not repeat this course for further credit.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Zorana Svedic
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 10:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Zorana Svedic
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 5:30–7:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 7:30–8:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 7:30–8:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 8:30–9:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 6:30–7:20 p.m.
Burnaby
BUS 251 - Financial Accounting I (3)

An introduction to financial accounting, including accounting terminology, understanding financial statements, analysis of a business entity using financial statements. Includes also time value of money and a critical review of the conventional accounting system. Prerequisite: 12 units. Students with credit for BUS 221 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Stewart Marshall
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 6:30–7:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Raymond Leung
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 10:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Surrey
D201 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 8:30–9:20 a.m.
Surrey
D203 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Surrey
D205 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Surrey
D206 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Surrey
BUS 254 - Managerial Accounting I (3) *

Theory and methods of cost compilation for managerial planning, control and decision making; the use of budgets and analysis in planning and controlling operations, establishing supervisory and departmental responsibility, and various techniques of measuring results. Prerequisite: BUS 251; 15 units. Students with credit for BUS 324, BUS 328, or COMM 324 may not take BUS 254 for further credit. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Masood Kamlani
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 10:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Sullivan Alexander
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 5:30–7:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 7:30–8:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 8:30–9:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 6:30–7:20 p.m.
Burnaby
BUS 272 - Behavior in Organizations (3)

Theories, concepts and issues in the field of organizational behavior with an emphasis on individual and team processes. Core topics include employee motivation and performance, stress management, communication, work perceptions and attitudes, decision-making, team dynamics, employee involvement and conflict management. Prerequisite: 12 units.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Zorana Svedic
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 2:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 6:30–7:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D108 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D109 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
ECON 103 - Principles of Microeconomics (4)

The principal elements of theory concerning utility and value, price and costs, factor analysis, productivity, labor organization, competition and monopoly, and the theory of the firm. Students with credit for ECON 200 cannot take ECON 103 for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Soc.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
John Fountain
May 11 – Jun 22, 2015: Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, 8:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Xianjuan Chen
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, Fri, 12:30–2:20 p.m.
Surrey
Seong Choi
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, Thu, 5:30–7:20 p.m.
Vancouver
ECON 105 - Principles of Macroeconomics (4)

The principal elements of theory concerning money and income, distribution, social accounts, public finance, international trade, comparative systems, and development and growth. Students with credit for ECON 205 cannot take ECON 105 for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Soc.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Eliav Danziger
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 2:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D108 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D109 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D110 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Junjie Liu
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 5:30–7:20 p.m.
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 5:30–7:20 p.m.
Vancouver
Vancouver
Junjie Liu
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 4:30–8:20 p.m.
Surrey

and one of

BUEC 232 - Data and Decisions I (4)

An introduction to business statistics with a heavy emphasis on applications and the use of EXCEL. Students will be required to use statistical applications to solve business problems. STAT 270, Introduction to Probability and Statistics, will be accepted in lieu of BUEC 232. Prerequisite: MATH 157 and 15 units. MATH 157 may be taken concurrently with BUEC 232. Students with credit for STAT 270 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
George Zhang
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, Thu, 12:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
George Zhang
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, Thu, 8:30–10:20 a.m.
Surrey
OP01 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP03 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 12:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP05 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 2:30–5:20 p.m.
Surrey
OP06 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 12:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP07 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 2:30–4:20 p.m.
Surrey
STAT 270 - Introduction to Probability and Statistics (3)

Basic laws of probability, sample distributions. Introduction to statistical inference and applications. Corequisite: MATH 152 or 155 or 158. Students wishing an intuitive appreciation of a broad range of statistical strategies may wish to take STAT 100 first. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Distance Education
Jorge Rodriguez
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, Wed, Fri, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
OP01 TBD

and one of*

BUS 207 - Managerial Economics (3)

Emphasis is upon the relevance of economic models to business decision-making and, in particular, upon the rational analysis of choice alternatives within the firm. Course will include consideration of optimizing techniques and analysis of risk, demand, production and profit in addition to examination of long-term investment decisions and business forecasting. Prerequisite: Econ 103, 105, MATH 157 and 15 units. Students with credit for ECON 301, ECON 201, or BUS 307 may not take BUS 207 for further credit. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Allan Matadeen
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 2:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Allan Matadeen
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 5:30–8:20 p.m.
Burnaby
ECON 201 - Microeconomic Theory I: Competitive Behavior (4)

Aspects of microeconomic theory involving competitive markets. Topics include the behavior of households and firms, partial equilibrium analysis of product and factor markets, and general equilibrium. Prerequisite: ECON 103 and 105; MATH 157. Students with credit for ECON 301 may not complete this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Fernando Aragon Sanchez
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 11:30 a.m.–1:20 p.m.
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D108 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D109 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D111 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D112 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Erik Kimbrough
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 8:30–10:20 a.m.
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 8:30–9:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D201 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D202 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D203 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D204 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D209 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D210 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
ECON 301 - Microeconomic Theory I: Competitive Behavior (4)

Aspects of microeconomic theory involving competitive markets. Topics include the behavior of households and firms, partial equilibrium analysis of product and factor markets, and general equilibrium. Prerequisite: ECON 103 or 200 and ECON 105 or 205; MATH 157; two 200 division ECON or BUEC courses (excluding BUEC 232), admission to an economics program prior to Fall 2012; 60 units. Students with credit for ECON 201 may not complete this course for further credit. Quantitative.

and one of

MATH 150 - Calculus I with Review (4)

Designed for students specializing in mathematics, physics, chemistry, computing science and engineering. Topics as for Math 151 with a more extensive review of functions, their properties and their graphs. Recommended for students with no previous knowledge of Calculus. In addition to regularly scheduled lectures, students enrolled in this course are encouraged to come for assistance to the Calculus Workshop (Burnaby), or Math Open Lab (Surrey). Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least B+, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least B-, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 151, 154 or 157 may not take MATH 150 for further credit. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Distance Education
TBA TBA
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, Tue, Wed, Fri, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP01 TBD
MATH 151 - Calculus I (3)

Designed for students specializing in mathematics, physics, chemistry, computing science and engineering. Logarithmic and exponential functions, trigonometric functions, inverse functions. Limits, continuity, and derivatives. Techniques of differentiation, including logarithmic and implicit differentiation. The Mean Value Theorem. Applications of Differentiation including extrema, curve sketching, related rates, Newton's method. Antiderivatives and applications. Conic sections, polar coordinates, parametric curves. Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least A, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least B, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 150, 154 or 157 may not take MATH 151 for further credit. Quantitative.

MATH 154 - Calculus I for the Biological Sciences (3)

Designed for students specializing in the biological and medical sciences. Topics include: limits, growth rate and the derivative; elementary functions, optimization and approximation methods, and their applications; mathematical models of biological processes. Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least B, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least C, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 150, 151 or 157 may not take MATH 154 for further credit. Quantitative.

MATH 157 - Calculus I for the Social Sciences (3)

Designed for students specializing in business or the social sciences. Topics include: limits, growth rate and the derivative; logarithmic exponential and trigonometric functions and their application to business, economics, optimization and approximation methods; functions of several variables. Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least B, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least C, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 150, 151 or 154 may not take MATH 157 for further credit. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Imin Chen
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, Wed, Fri, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP01 TBD

and two of**

ENGL 101W - Introduction to Fiction (3)

Examines selected works of literature in order to develop a critical awareness of literary techniques and contexts in the representation of experience. May include the comparative study of works in related literary and artistic genres, and will pay some attention to literature of the Twentieth century. Includes attention to writing skills. Writing/Breadth-Humanities. Equivalent Courses: ENGL101. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Nadine Flagel
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, Wed, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 8:30–9:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 8:30–9:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 8:30–9:20 a.m.
Burnaby
ENGL 102W - Introduction to Poetry (3)

Examines selected works of literature in order to develop a critical awareness of literary techniques and contexts in the representation of experience. May include the comparative study of works in related literary and artistic genres, and will pay some attention to literature of the Twentieth century. Includes attention to writing skills. Writing/Breadth-Humanities. Equivalent Courses: ENGL102. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.

ENGL 103W - Introduction to Drama (3)

Examines selected works of literature in order to develop a critical awareness of literary techniques and contexts in the representation of experience. May include the comparative study of works in related literary and artistic genres, and will pay some attention to literature of the Twentieth century. Includes attention to writing skills. Writing/Breadth-Humanities. Equivalent Courses: ENGL103. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Alessandra Capperdoni
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
ENGL 104W - Introduction to Prose Genres (3)

The literary study of a variety of prose genres, such as the essay, biography, autobiography, travel narrative, and journalistic writing. May include works which challenge the boundary between fiction and non-fiction. The course is intended to develop a critical awareness of literary techniques and contexts in the representation of experience. Includes attention to writing skills. Writing/Breadth-Humanities. Equivalent Courses: ENGL104. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.

Section Day/Time Location
Distance Education
ENGL 105W - Introduction to Issues in Literature and Culture (3)

An introduction to the study of literature within the wider cultural field, with a focus on contemporary issues across genres and media. Writing/Breadth-Humanities. Prerequisite: . Equivalent Courses: ENGL105. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Gavin Paul
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 10:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Surrey
D901 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Surrey
D902 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Surrey
D903 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Surrey
D904 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Surrey
D905 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Surrey
D906 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Surrey
ENGL 199W - Introduction to University Writing (3)

An introduction to reading and writing in the academic disciplines. Prerequisite: 12 units. Students with credit for ENGL 199 may not take this course for further credit. Writing.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Distance Education
Kathryn Alexander
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Niall Mackenzie
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 2:30–5:20 p.m.
Vancouver
Niall Mackenzie
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 5:30–8:20 p.m.
Vancouver
Kathryn Alexander
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 6:30–9:20 p.m.
Burnaby
PHIL XX1 - Critical Thinking (3)

An introduction to the evaluation of arguments as they are encountered in everyday life. The central aim will be to sharpen skills of reasoning and argumentation by understanding how arguments work and learning to distinguish those which actually prove what they set out to show from those which do not. Open to all students. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Jonathan Katz
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D108 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D109 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D110 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Lyle Crawford
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 5:30–8:20 p.m.
Surrey
PHIL 100W - Knowledge and Reality (3)

An introduction to some of the central problems of philosophy. Topics to be discussed include the different theories of reality; the nature and sources of knowledge, truth, evidence, and reason; the justification of belief and knowledge about the universe. These topics and problems will be considered as they arise in the context of issues such as: relativism versus absolutism; the existence of God; personal identity; the nature of the mind and its relation to the body; free will and determinism; the possibility of moral knowledge. Open to all students. Students with credit for PHIL 100 may not take this course for further credit. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Michaela Lucas
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, Wed, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D108 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D109 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D110 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D111 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D112 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D113 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D114 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D115 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
PHIL 120W - Introduction to Moral Philosophy (3)

An introduction to the central problems of ethics: for example, the nature of right and wrong, the objectivity or subjectivity of moral judgments, the relativity or absolutism of values, the nature of human freedom and responsibility. The course will also consider general moral views such as utilitarianism, theories of rights and specific obligations, and the ethics of virtue. These theories will be applied to particular moral problems such as abortion, punishment, distributive justice, freedom of speech, and racial and sexual equality. Sometimes the course will also focus on important historical figures such as Plato, Aristotle, Kant and Mill. Open to all students. Students with credit for PHIL 120 may not take this course for further credit. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Simon Pollon
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, Wed, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–3:30 p.m.
Burnaby
D108 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D109 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
WL 101W - Writing About Literature (3)

Examines international migrancy, cultural identities, or cross-cultural influence in world literatures, while introducing the fundamentals of literary analysis and expository writing. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.

WL 103W - Pre-Modern World Literature (3)

Surveys pre-modern texts of world literature. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.

WL 104W - Modern World Literature (3)

Surveys poetry and prose from the seventeenth century to the present, with a focus on the literary exploration of issues of humanity. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.

It is recommended that students complete BUS 202 - Foundations for Collaborative Work Environments(3) in order to ensure they possess the foundational skills in communication and collaboration necessary for successful completion of upper division business coursework. Students wishing to register in BUS 202 should consult with an Undergraduate Academic Advisor in the Beedie School of Business.

* may be completed following admission to the Beedie School of Business

** any one, but not more than one of these courses may be replaced by any three unspecified transfer units in English or in ENGL-Writing at the 100- or 200-level.

Communication Lower Division Requirements

Students complete 24 units, including both of

CMNS 110 - Introduction to Communication Studies (3)

An introduction to selected theories about human communication. This course is required for a major, honours or minor in communication. Breadth-Social Sciences.

Section Day/Time Location
Distance Education
Distance Education
CMNS 130 - Communication and Social Change (3)

An introduction to the forms, theories and institutions of communication as they relate to broader social change, with a focus on the political, economic and regulatory shifts characterizing Canadian and transnational media systems. This course is required for a major, honours or minor in communication.

Section Day/Time Location
Distance Education
Distance Education

and six 200 division CMNS courses including both of

CMNS 221 - Media and Popular Cultures (3)

Focus on communication for social change; historical and contemporary perspectives in consumer culture; technology, media and popular culture; media and identity; and communication as public education. Prerequisite: CMNS 110 and 130.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Shan Wu
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 5:30–8:20 p.m.
Vancouver
CMNS 223W - Advertising as Social Communication (3)

An interdisciplinary examination of the significance of advertising as a social message system in our consumer society. The course proposes an analytical method for appreciating the changing styles and functions of advertising in the 20th century. Prerequisite: CMNS 110 and 130. Stduents with credit for CMNS 223 may not take this course for further credit. Writing.

and at least two of

CMNS 260 - Empirical Communication Research Methods (3)

An introduction to empirical research methods in diverse traditions of communication enquiry. Some methods recognize communication as everyday interactions; others analyze communication as a process; still others blend traditional scientific empiricism with analytical and critical methods derived from the arts and humanities. Topics include: ethics, paradigms, conceptualizing and operationalizing research, sampling, interviews, surveys, unobtrusive observation, content analysis, and the role of statistics in communication research. Prerequisite: CMNS 110 or 130. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Christopher Jeschelnik
May 11 – Jun 22, 2015: Tue, Thu, 10:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D201 May 11 – Jun 22, 2015: Tue, Thu, 1:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D202 May 11 – Jun 22, 2015: Tue, Thu, 3:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D203 May 11 – Jun 22, 2015: Wed, Fri, 10:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D204 May 11 – Jun 22, 2015: Wed, Fri, 1:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D205 May 11 – Jun 22, 2015: Wed, Fri, 3:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
CMNS 261 - Documentary Research in Communication (3)

Media and communication studies often utilize historical, governmental and corporate records. The course introduces the techniques necessary to analyze the primary source documents. Topics include: ethics, documentary discourse analysis, Canadian and international documentary searches on NGOs, governments, corporations; writing of policy briefs. Prerequisite: CMNS 110 or 130.

Section Day/Time Location
Distance Education
Distance Education
CMNS 262 - Design and Method in Qualitative Communication Research (3)

Examination of a wide range of approaches to research in media and cultural studies, including a discussion of ethical issues. Topics may include: historical methods, field work methods, textual analysis, case studies. Prerequisite: CMNS 110 or 130. Students who have credit for CMNS 286 in Spring 2004 may not take this course for further credit.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Ayaka Yoshimizu
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 12:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D110 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D111 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby

Upper Division Requirements

Business Upper Division Requirements

Students complete at least 33 upper division units in BUS or BUEC courses including the business core courses, and the marketing courses specified below.

Business Core Courses

The Beedie School of Business core courses must be completed, except as specifically modified below. Students complete all of

BUS 303 - Business, Society and Ethics (3)

This course examines and reviews contemporary thinking on the changing role of business and business persons in the operations of society, particularly Canadian society. The course explores the changing legal, ethical and regulatory environments of business focusing on the critical alignments -- values, policies, technology and legal approaches -- between the modern organization and its broader public. Prerequisite: 60 units. Students with credit for BUS 103, COMM 103, or COMM 303 may not take this course for further credit.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Shafik Bhalloo
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 9:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Tom Brown
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 4:30–7:20 p.m.
Burnaby
BUS 312 - Introduction to Finance (4)

Role and function of financial managers, financial analysis, compound interest valuation and capital budgeting, management of current assets, introduction to financial instruments and institutions. Prerequisite: BUS 254 (or 324); 60 units. Recommended: BUS 207, ECON 201, or ECON 301. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Ron Zitron
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 8:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Ron Zitron
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 5:30–9:20 p.m.
Surrey
BUS 336 - Data and Decisions II (4)

This course is an extension of BUEC 232. It develops and applies the quantitative models that are most directly relevant to business decisions. Beginning with material on multiple regression and forecasting modeling, the course moves on to decision analysis, business simulation, quality control, and an introduction to optimization. Prerequisite: MATH 157 and BUEC 232, 60 units. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Cleusa Yamamoto
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 8:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Bernard Maroney
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, Wed, 6:30–8:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP05 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 8:30–10:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP06 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 8:30–10:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP07 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 11:30 a.m.–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP08 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 10:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
BUS 393 - Commercial Law (3)

Common law, equity, and statute law; contracts, agency, and negotiable instruments; partnership and corporation law; international commercial law. Prerequisite: 60 units. BUEC 391 is not to be taken concurrently with BUS 393. Students with credit for COMM 393 may not take this course for further credit.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Shafik Bhalloo
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 6:30–7:20 p.m.
Burnaby
James Pflanz
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 2:30–4:20 p.m.
Surrey
D204 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Surrey
D205 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Surrey
D206 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Surrey
D207 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Surrey
Shafik Bhalloo
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 5:30–7:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E201 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 8:30–9:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E202 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 9:30–10:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E203 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 7:30–8:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E204 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 8:30–9:20 p.m.
Burnaby
E205 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 7:30–8:20 p.m.
Burnaby
BUS 478 - Strategy (3) ^

Integration of the various areas of business for the purpose of analysing and recommending strategies for planning and decision-making within the firm and a defined environment. Prerequisite: BUS 207 (or ECON 201 or ECON 301), BUS 312, 343, 360W and either BUS 374 or 381; 90 units.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Edward Bukszar
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 11:30 a.m.–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Edward Bukszar
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Anthony Chan
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 11:30 a.m.–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Rui Jorge Basto da Silva
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 2:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Vernon Bachor
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–5:20 p.m.
Surrey
Jeremy Hall
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 9:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Anthony Chan
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Thu, 5:30–8:20 p.m.
Burnaby

and one of

BUS 374 - Organization Theory (3)

This course will examine theories of organization which use the organization as a basic unit of analysis. It will show how the structure and internal processes of an organization are linked to and partially determined by forces in the external environment of the organization. Contextual factors such as the technology and corporate strategy of the organization will also be examined. Prerequisite: 60 units; BUS 272 (or 372).

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Rajiv Kozhikode
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 9:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
BUS 381 - Introduction to Human Resource Management (3)

Subjects include human resource planning, job analysis and design, recruitment, employment equity, selection and placement, performance appraisal, compensation and benefits, training and development, occupational health and safety, and industrial relations. For each subject an overview of current Canadian issues and practices is presented. Prerequisite: BUS 272 (or 372); 60 units.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Lisa Phillips
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 12:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D108 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby

BUS 360W is recommended but not required. BUS 360W will be waived as a prerequisite for 400 division BUS courses for those in approved BUS joint programs. BUS 360W must be completed at Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV in accordance with the WQB requirements.

^ -to be completed at Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV

Marketing Required Courses

Students complete all of

BUS 343 - Introduction to Marketing (3)

The environment of marketing; relation of social sciences to marketing; evaluation of marketing theory and research; assessment of demand, consumer behavior analysis; market institutions; method and mechanics of distribution in domestic, foreign and overseas markets; sales organization; advertising; new product development, publicity and promotion; marketing programs. Prerequisite: 60 units. Students with credit for COMM 343 may not take this course for further credit.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Karen Robson
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 12:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D108 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D109 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Mon, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Karen Robson
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–4:20 p.m.
Surrey
D201 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Surrey
D202 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Surrey
D203 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Surrey
D204 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 5:30–6:20 p.m.
Surrey
D205 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 6:30–7:20 p.m.
Surrey
BUS 345 - Marketing Research (4)

A course in the management of marketing research. The basics of the design, conduct, and analysis of marketing research studies. Prerequisite: BUS 343, 336; 60 units. students with credit for BUS 442, BUS 444, or COMM 444 may not complete this course for further credit.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Colleen Collins
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Clayton Mitchell
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 4:30–8:20 p.m.
Burnaby
BUS 347 - Consumer Behavior (3)

A study of the manner in which decisions are made in the market place, by both the ultimate consumer and the industrial buyer. Course will include consideration of consumer decision processes, individual and group influences and special cases such as brand loyalty and consumerism. Prerequisite: BUS 343; 60 units. Students with credit for COMM 347 may not take this course for further credit.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Cluny South
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 12:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D201 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D202 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D204 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby

and at least one of

BUS 445 - Customer Analytics (3)

Exposes students to the art of using analytic tools from across the spectrum of data mining and modeling to provide powerful competitive advantage in business. Students will learn to recognize when a method should or should not be used, what data is required, and how to use the software tools. Areas covered include database marketing, geospatial marketing and fundamental strategic and tactical decisions such as segmentation, targeting and allocating resources to the marketing mix. Prerequisite: BUS 343, 336, 360W; 60 units.

BUS 446 - Marketing Strategy (4)

Marketing strategy focuses on the analysis of market problems and opportunities and the development of appropriate strategies. Topics include: analytical techniques, strategic planning methods and managerial problems of planning. Case analysis and problem solving will be the major orientation of the course. Prerequisite: BUS 312, 347, 360W; 60 units.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Lindsay Meredith
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Wed, 9:30 a.m.–1:20 p.m.
Surrey
BUS 448 - Integrated Marketing Communications (4)

An integrative approach to the study of promotion including advertising publicity, personal selling and sales promotion; evaluation of the role promotion has in marketing and the economy; formulation and analysis of promotional goals, planning, organizing and controlling; utilization of market research studies; forecasting, budgeting, media selection; promotion institutions. Prerequisite: BUS 347, 360W; 60 units.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Linda Lee
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Fri, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Surrey
BUS 449 - Ethical Issues in Marketing (3)

A critical examination of topics such as consumerism, marketing ethics, and social responsibility, efficiency of marketing or ecological marketing. The particular emphasis may vary depending on the interests of the class and instructor. Prerequisite: BUS 343, 360W; 60 units.

Communication Upper Division Requirements

Students complete six upper division CMNS courses (minimum of 24 units total) including

CMNS 323W - Cultural Dimensions in Advertising (4)

A cultural-historical examination of contemporary advertising practices as well as a critical exploration of their impact upon different aspects of the consumer society, such as children's culture, pharmaceutical marketing, globalization, political communication and new media. Prerequisite: 45 units including two of CMNS 220, 221, 223 (or 223W), 226, 230, 235, or 240. Writing.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Jody Baker
May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 5:30–8:20 p.m.
Vancouver
E101 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Vancouver
E102 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Vancouver
E103 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Vancouver
E105 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Vancouver
E106 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Vancouver
E108 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Vancouver
E109 May 11 – Aug 10, 2015: Tue, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Vancouver

CMNS 425 is recommended but not required.

Directed studies (readings) and field placement credit will not count as part of the upper division units that are required by communication for the joint major.

Writing, Quantitative, and Breadth Requirements

Students admitted to Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV beginning in the fall 2006 term must meet writing, quantitative and breadth requirements as part of any degree program they may undertake. See for university-wide information.

WQB Graduation Requirements

A grade of C- or better is required to earn W, Q or B credit

Requirement

Units

Notes
W - Writing

6

Must include at least one upper division course, taken at Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV within the student’s major subject
Q - Quantitative

6

Q courses may be lower or upper division
B - Breadth

18

Designated Breadth Must be outside the student’s major subject, and may be lower or upper division
6 units Social Sciences: B-Soc
6 units Humanities: B-Hum
6 units Sciences: B-Sci

6

Additional Breadth 6 units outside the student’s major subject (may or may not be B-designated courses, and will likely help fulfil individual degree program requirements)

Students choosing to complete a joint major, joint honours, double major, two extended minors, an extended minor and a minor, or two minors may satisfy the breadth requirements (designated or not designated) with courses completed in either one or both program areas.

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Business Career Passport Requirements

Students who are admitted to the Beedie School of Business beginning in the fall 2012 term will complete the Business Career Passport.

During the BBA program, students register in and complete six mandatory Business Career Passport workshops. The workshops may be completed in any order. However, it is recommended that students complete the self-assessment workshop sometime within their first 60 units of study.

Enrolment and participation in workshops must be recorded with the Career Management Centre. For more information about the workshops, or to register, visit on the .

Residency Requirements and Transfer Credit

The University’s residency requirement stipulates that, in most cases, total transfer and course challenge credit may not exceed 60 units, and may not include more than 15 as upper division work.