Please note:
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Latin American Studies Minor
Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV to this program has been suspended effective Summer 2020.
The Latin American Studies Program offers students the maximum opportunity to integrate understanding of Latin America and its relationship with Canada, the Pacific Rim, and the world.
Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV Requirements
Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV to this program has been suspended effective Summer 2020.
Language Requirements
The following courses or equivalents are required.
Introduction to Spanish for students with little or no previous background in that language. Course develops Spanish language acquisition through listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. Practical and situational materials are employed to underline the ties between language and culture. By the end of the term, students will have acquired basic conversational skills and an elementary reading facility. (A1 level of CEFR). Students with previous Spanish training should contact the department for placement. Students with credit for SPAN 102 may not take this course for further credit.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Isabel Mayo-Harp |
TBD | ||
B101 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
B102 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 12:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
B103 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Follows SPAN 100. Continues introduction to Spanish for students who have developed the necessary foundations from SPAN 100. Emphasis is on oral skills and grammar while continuing to develop reading and writing proficiency. Practical and situational materials are employed to underline the ties between language and culture. By the end of the term, students will be able to communicate in Spanish using a wide range of grammatical structures and vocabulary. (A2 level of CEFR). Prerequisite: SPAN 100 (or SPAN 102), grade 12 Spanish, or equivalent. Students with credit for SPAN 103 may not take this course for further credit.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Isabel Mayo-Harp |
TBD | ||
B101 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
B102 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 12:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Follows SPAN 110. Expands advanced grammatical concepts and promotes student cultural and historical understanding of the Hispanic world. By the end of the term, students will be able to function in a Spanish speaking environment. (B1.1 level of CEFR). Prerequisite: SPAN 110 (or SPAN 103) or equivalent. Students with credit for SPAN 201 may not take this course for further credit.
Continues the work of SPAN 200 with emphasis on oral command and writing skills. Students will transfer their knowledge of Spanish into performance and use the language in an accurate and idiomatic way. Short literary readings and films will be introduced to expose students to Hispanic cultures. (B1 level of CEFR completed). Prerequisite: SPAN 200 (or SPAN 201) or equivalent. Students with credit for SPAN 202 may not take this course for further credit.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Isabel Mayo-Harp |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, Thu, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Those without credit for the above four courses may instead possess intermediate Spanish language competency as assessed by the director of the Latin American studies program.
Although all courses are taught in English, students must demonstrate a reading knowledge of Spanish (the equivalent of two college level courses) or Portuguese or, in exceptional circumstances, French. This is a recommended skill for upper division courses that frequently require independent investigation of specialized topics.
Program Requirements
Lower Division Requirements
Students complete 12 units including two of
A survey of prehistoric cultures of North and South America. The peopling of the New World, the rise of the pre-Columbian civilizations of Mexico and Peru, and the cultural adaptations by prehistoric populations to other parts of the New World. Prerequisite: Any one of the following: ARCH 100, ARCH 101, EVSC 100, GEOG 100, or REM 100. Breadth-Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Rudy Reimer |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Fri, 2:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
A comparative exploration of the colonization of North and South America by the various European empires together with the role of Native and African peoples in the Americas, from the late fifteenth century to the onset of political independence three hundred years later. Breadth-Humanities.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Nicholas May |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 4:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 5:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Balance of lower division units are chosen from
For the Business Administration Major β High School Stream - orients students to the Beedie School of Business and the academic expectations of the program. As a broad introduction to the study of business, students are introduced to the different disciplines and how each relates to global perspective, innovation, and social responsibility. Students explore the integration of these disciplines through experiential learning projects by engaging with, and further developing, interpersonal and collaboration skills in culturally diverse team environments. Prerequisite: This course is only open to approved business administration majors admitted to the faculty through the Business Foundation Program - High School Stream. Corequisite: BUS 100 with a P grade. Students with credit for BUS 130 or BUS 202 may not take this course for further credit. Students with more than 30 units may not take this course.
An introduction to selected theories about human communication. This course is required for a major, honours or minor in communication. Breadth-Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Darren Fleet |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Fri, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 8:30β9:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D103 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D104 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 2:30β3:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D105 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 3:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D106 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 4:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D107 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 8:30β9:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D108 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D109 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D110 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 2:30β3:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D111 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 3:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D112 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 4:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Layla Cameron |
Online |
An introduction to the forms, theories and institutions of communication as they relate to broader social change, with a focus on the political, economic and regulatory shifts characterizing Canadian and transnational media systems. This course is required for a major, honours or minor in communication.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Byron Hauck |
Online |
An overview of the broad economic trends in the development of the world economy over the last five decades with reference to the major debates related to economic interdependence, development and growth, globalization, and the role of the major multilateral economic institutions (IMF, World Bank, OCED, ILO, UN). (lecture/tutorial). Breadth-Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Nicolas Schmitt |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 2:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
A geographical introduction to how humans shape our world, with attention also given to how it shapes us. Themes may include: culture, economic activities, environmental change, globalization, politics, population, resources, and urbanization. Breadth-Humanities/Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Gretchen Ferguson |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 1:30β2:20 p.m.
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Fri, 12:30β2:20 p.m. |
Burnaby Burnaby |
An introduction to landforms, climates, soils and vegetation; their origins, distributions, interrelationships and roles in the ecosystem. Laboratory work and field trips are included. Breadth-Science.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Jonathan Cripps |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 12:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D103 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D104 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D105 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 8:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D106 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D107 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 12:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D108 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D109 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D110 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D111 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 12:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D112 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
A comprehensive introduction to the study of politics and government for both political science majors and students specializing in other disciplines. The course will explore the major concepts, methods, approaches and issues in political science, as well as the primary components of government structure and the political process. Students with credit for POL 101W may not take this course for further credit. Breadth-Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Logan Masilamani |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 8:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 11:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D103 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 12:30β1:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D104 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D105 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 11:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D106 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 12:30β1:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D107 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Fri, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D108 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Fri, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D109 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Fri, 11:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D110 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Fri, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D111 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Fri, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
The Earth is experiencing the most dramatic environmental changes it has for thousands of years. How did we end up here? Provides an interdisciplinary perspective on the forces behind our ever-increasing environmental footprint. Highlights how ideologies and societal structures have shaped how we interact with the environment and explores the necessary changes for a more sustainable future. Breadth-Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Sophie Wilkinson |
Online |
Anthropology asks fundamental questions about how people live and interact in different contexts. Engages with contemporary social life around the world, including the relations among people, ideas, and things. Provides analytical tools to help understand the role of culture and society in our lives. Breadth-Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Kathleen Millar |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 8:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 8:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D103 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D104 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D105 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D106 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Bascom Guffin |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Mon, 2:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Surrey |
|
Cristina Moretti |
Online |
Explores how sociologists study, describe, and explain social life. Introduces the sociological perspective and applies it to fundamental social process and everyday issues. As we consider phenomena ranging from interactions among individuals to societal and global inequalities, students critically examine social issues to build their understanding of the world. Breadth-Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Kyle Willmott |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Mon, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Mon, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Mon, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D103 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Mon, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D104 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Mon, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D105 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Mon, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D106 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 8:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D107 | TBD | ||
D108 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D109 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D110 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 12:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D111 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 12:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D112 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 12:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D113 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D114 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Maureen Kihika |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 8:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Surrey |
|
D901 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Surrey |
|
D902 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Surrey |
|
D903 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Surrey |
|
D904 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Thu, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Surrey |
|
D905 | TBD | ||
D906 | TBD |
Upper Division Requirements
Students complete 15 upper division units of courses with Latin American focus. LAS 498 is strongly recommended.
Courses with Primary Latin American Focus*
Students may complete any of the following courses to fulfil LAS requirements. Others may be offered in addition to those below. Consult the advisor for a complete list each term.
A survey of prehistoric cultures of North and South America. The peopling of the New World, the rise of the pre-Columbian civilizations of Mexico and Peru, and the cultural adaptations by prehistoric populations to other parts of the New World. Prerequisite: Any one of the following: ARCH 100, ARCH 101, EVSC 100, GEOG 100, or REM 100. Breadth-Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Rudy Reimer |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Fri, 2:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
A cross-disciplinary focus on specific elements of contemporary Latin American culture. Topics such as indigenism, Afro-Latin culture, religion, literature, and folklore will be studied. Prerequisite: LAS 140 or 200.
Provides opportunity for individual reading and research under the supervision of a faculty member. Prerequisite: 90 units including LAS 200 and permission of the program advisor.
Students may use other courses with primary Latin American content to fulfil Latin American course requirements with approval of the program advisor.
Courses with Substantial Latin American Focus
Courses in which Latin America is substantially emphasized may fulfil LAS requirements. Students should review the department’s course outlines and consult the Latin American Studies advisor for permission to complete these courses.
A special topics course to be completed for Latin American Studies credit should be approved by the instructor and the program advisor.
An examination of the domestic and international implications of the development of mass media and telecommunications and the differential impact of the free flow of technology and information. Prerequisite: 26 CMNS units with a minimum grade of C- or 60 units with a minimum CGPA of 2.00.
Explores the relationship between power, politics, and science; investigates stakeholders such as scientists, entrepreneurs, technologists, activists, policy-makers and their world-wide institutional contexts; compares global flows of science and technology through governmental, non-government, and transnational organizations; examines representations of science and technology in media systems and international development programs. Prerequisite: 26 CMNS units with a minimum grade of C- or 60 units with a minimum CGPA of 2.00.
Analysis of theories of economic development. Consideration will be given to the requirements of successful development, to aspects of international co-operation, and to procedures of economic planning. Problems of emerging countries and models of various developing economies will be studied. Prerequisite: ECON 103 with a minimum grade of C- or ECON 113 with a minimum grade of A-; ECON 105 with a minimum grade of C- or ECON 115 with a minimum grade of A-; 60 units. Students with credit for ECON 355 or ECON 455 may not take this course for further credit. Writing/Quantitative.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Alexander Karaivanov |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Fri, 12:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 8:30β9:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D103 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 2:30β3:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D104 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 8:30β9:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D105 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D106 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D107 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Wed, 11:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Application of economic analysis to natural resource problems and efficient management practice; public policy considerations in respect to development and conservation; benefit-cost analysis. Prerequisite: ECON 103 with a minimum grade of C- or ECON 113 with a minimum grade of A-; ECON 105 with a minimum grade of C- or ECON 115 with a minimum grade of A-; 60 units. Quantitative.
A comparative exploration of the colonization of North and South America by the various European empires together with the role of Native and African peoples in the Americas, from the late fifteenth century to the onset of political independence three hundred years later. Breadth-Humanities.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Nicholas May |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 4:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
Jan 8 β Apr 12, 2024: Tue, 5:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
This course is designed to allow students to pursue in greater depth a particular historical problem. It will be offered either as an individual reading course or in small seminars, depending upon student and faculty interest. Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV only by prior consent of instructor. Students may not take this course more than once or after they have completed 60 units of course work. Recommended: at least four university level courses in history.
Problems arising from the disparities in power and wealth between the highly industrialized countries of Europe and North America, and the under-industrialized countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Prerequisite: Six lower division units in political science or permission of the department.
Provides new insights into global gender regimes from a historical-comparative perspective of North-South relations. Stimulates a discussion on the meaning of development and women's work through a theoretical and thematic exploration of issues which may seem specifically based in the global South but are commonly shared throughout the world. Prerequisite: SA 101 or 150 or 201W. Students with credit for SA 429 are not eligible to take this course for further credit.
In this intensive seminar, we compare political actions and social movements of indigenous peoples across several countries: analyze development of these movements over time; and discuss factors affecting the timing, reception, intensity and nature of these politics. Students write research papers on topics they develop. Prerequisite: SA 101 or 150 or 201W.
The focus will be on the situation of women in cross-cultural perspective using literary, historical, anthropological and other appropriate sources. Students who have completed WS 200 may not complete this course for further credit.
Examines from interdisciplinary and international perspectives how development is gendered and creates differential impacts, meanings and processes for women and men around the world. Prerequisite: 15 units. Students with credit for GSWS 310 (or WS 310) Special Topic: Women and Development or GSWS 301 (or WS 301) Special Topic: Gender and Development or GSWS 309 (or WS 309) under the title Gender and Development may not take this course for further credit.
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Degree Requirements
For all bachelor of arts (BA) programs, students complete 120 units, which includes
- at least 60 units that must be completed at Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV
- at least 45 upper division units, of which at least 30 upper division units must be completed at Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV
- at least 60 units (including 21 upper division units) in Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences courses
- satisfaction of the writing, quantitative, and breadth requirements
- an overall cumulative grade point average (CGPA) and upper division overall CGPA of at least 2.0, and program CGPA and upper division program CGPA of at least 2.0 on the course work used to satisfy the minimum program requirements. FASS departments may define additional GPA requirements for their respective programs.
For students in other faculties, please check your faculty's overall degree requirements: /students/calendar/faculties-research.html
Writing, Quantitative, and Breadth Requirements
Students admitted to Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV beginning in the fall 2006 term must meet writing, quantitative and breadth requirements as part of any degree program they may undertake. See Writing, Quantitative, and Breadth Requirements for university-wide information.
WQB Graduation Requirements
A grade of C- or better is required to earn W, Q or B credit
Requirement |
Units |
Notes | |
W - Writing |
6 |
Must include at least one upper division course, taken at Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV within the studentβs major subject | |
Q - Quantitative |
6 |
Q courses may be lower or upper division | |
B - Breadth |
18 |
Designated Breadth | Must be outside the studentβs major subject, and may be lower or upper division 6 units Social Sciences: B-Soc 6 units Humanities: B-Hum 6 units Sciences: B-Sci |
6 |
Additional Breadth | 6 units outside the studentβs major subject (may or may not be B-designated courses, and will likely help fulfil individual degree program requirements) Students choosing to complete a joint major, joint honours, double major, two extended minors, an extended minor and a minor, or two minors may satisfy the breadth requirements (designated or not designated) with courses completed in either one or both program areas. |
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