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Introduction to the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms of living organisms (microorganisms, plants, animals). Lecture and lab topics include cell structure and function, flow of genetic information, enzyme function, metabolism, whole organism form and function (circulation, gas exchange, nutrition, osmoregularion). BISC 101 and 102 can be taken in either order. Prerequisite: Biology 12 (or equivalent) with a minimum grade of C (or BISC 100 with a minimum grade of C-, or BISC 113 with a minimum grade of C+, or BPK 105 with a minimum grade of C+, or HSCI 100 with a minimum grade of C+); and Chemistry 12 (or equivalent) with a minimum grade of C (or CHEM 111 with a minimum grade of C-). Breadth-Science.

Introduction to evolution and ecology, focusing on the processes that shape the diversity of life on earth. Lecture and lab topics include: natural selection and other mechanisms of evolutionary change, phylogeny, genetics, speciation, behaviour, species interactions, population ecology, and ecosystems. BISC 101 and 102 may be taken in either order. Prerequisite: Biology 12 (or equivalent) with a minimum grade of C (or BISC 100 with a minimum grade of C-, or BISC 113 with a minimum grade of C+, or BPK 105 with a minimum grade of C+, or HSCI 100 with a minimum grade of C+). Breadth-Science.

Principles and concepts of transmission of genetic information. Topics include: molecular basis of inheritance, interpretation of pedigrees, chromosomal mapping, linkage, crosses, epigenetics, and the regulation and flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins. Focus on problem-solving. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-.

Introduces the different approaches used to study the natural world and explores ecological concepts and theory relating to animal behaviour, population dynamics, the distribution of species, structure of communities and the function of ecosystems. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-.

An integrated exploration of animal and plant physiology, using principles from biology, physics, and chemistry to describe the underlying mechanisms and adaptations that support life. Systems include transport, metabolism, electrical and chemical signalling, sensing and responding. Prerequisite: BISC 101, BISC 102, and PHYS 101, all with a minimum grade of C-. Students who have taken BISC 305 or BISC 366 first may not then take this course for further credit.

Atomic and molecular structure; chemical bonding; thermochemistry; elements; periodic table; gases liquids, solids, and solutions. This course includes a laboratory component. Prerequisite: Chemistry 12 with a minimum grade of B, or CHEM 109 or 111 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for CHEM 120 or 125 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

Chemical equilibria; electrochemistry; chemical thermodynamics; kinetics. Students who intend to take further laboratory courses in chemistry should take CHEM 122 concurrently with CHEM 126. Prerequisite: CHEM 120 or 121 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for CHEM 124 or CHEM 180 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Structure, bonding, physical and chemical properties of simple organic compounds. Introduction to spectroscopy. Kinetics and mechanisms of organic reactions. This course includes a laboratory component. Prerequisite: CHEM 121 with a minimum grade of C-. Corequisite: CHEM 122. Students with credit for CHEM 280 or CHEM 285 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

The structure, function and synthesis of proteins, RNA and DNA and their interrelated biological functions within the cell. An introduction to molecular biology techniques and methods of protein purification and analysis. Prerequisite: or Corequisite CHEM 281.

A study of the molecular processes which underlie cell structure and function, integrating ultrastructural, physiological and biochemical approaches. Modern techniques used in the analysis of organelle and cell function are integral parts of the course. Prerequisite: MBB 222, BISC 101, CHEM 281 with grades of C- or better. Corequisite or Prerequisite: CHEM 282 or CHEM 283.

Research methodology and associated statistical analysis techniques for students with training in the life sciences. Intended to be particularly accessible to students who are not specializing in Statistics. Prerequisite: Recommended: 30 units. Students cannot obtain credit for STAT 201 if they already have credit for - or are taking concurrently - STAT 101, 203, 205, 285, or any upper division STAT course. Quantitative.

Polyfunctional organic compounds and complex organic reactions. Introduction to natural products. Prerequisite: CHEM 281 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for CHEM 283 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

An advanced treatment of Organic Chemistry II. Topics include dienes and their reactivity, conjugation and aromaticity, aromatic substitution reactions, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, ketones and aldehydes, biological molecules, radical reactions, organometallic reagents, pericyclic reactions and planning multi-step synthesis. Prerequisite: CHEM 281 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for CHEM 282 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Designed for students specializing in mathematics, physics, chemistry, computing science and engineering. Topics as for Math 151 with a more extensive review of functions, their properties and their graphs. Recommended for students with no previous knowledge of Calculus. In addition to regularly scheduled lectures, students enrolled in this course are encouraged to come for assistance to the Calculus Workshop (Burnaby), or Math Open Lab (Surrey). Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least B+, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least B-, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the ¶¡ÏãÔ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 151, 154 or 157 may not take MATH 150 for further credit. Quantitative.

Designed for students specializing in mathematics, physics, chemistry, computing science and engineering. Logarithmic and exponential functions, trigonometric functions, inverse functions. Limits, continuity, and derivatives. Techniques of differentiation, including logarithmic and implicit differentiation. The Mean Value Theorem. Applications of differentiation including extrema, curve sketching, Newton's method. Introduction to modeling with differential equations. Polar coordinates, parametric curves. Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least A, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least B, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the ¶¡ÏãÔ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 150, 154 or 157 may not take MATH 151 for further credit. Quantitative.

Designed for students specializing in the life sciences. Topics include: limits, growth rate and the derivative; elementary functions, optimization and approximation methods, and their applications, integration, and differential equations; mathematical models of biological processes and their implementation and analysis using software. Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least B, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least C-, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the ¶¡ÏãÔ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 150, 151 or 157 may not take MATH 154 for further credit. Quantitative.

Force and motion, conservation of energy and momentum, fluids, properties of soft matter and thermal physics with applications taken from the life sciences. Prerequisite: BC Principles of Physics 12 or PHYS 100 or equivalent, with a minimum grade of C-. This prerequisite may be waived, at the discretion of the department, as determined by the student's performance on a regularly scheduled PHYS 100 final exam. Please consult the physics advisor for further details. Corequisite: MATH 150 or 151 or 154 or 157; BISC 100 or 101 or 102. Recommended Corequisite: PHYS 132. Students with credit for PHYS 120, 125 or 140 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

A general calculus-based introduction to mechanics. Topics include translational and rotational motion, momentum, energy, gravitation, and selected topics in modern physics. Prerequisite: BC Principles of Physics 12 or PHYS 100 or equivalent, with a minimum grade of C-. This prerequisite may be waived, at the discretion of the department, as determined by the student's performance on a regularly scheduled PHYS 100 final exam. Please consult the physics advisor for further details. Corequisite: MATH 150 or 151 or 154. Recommended Corequisite: PHYS 132. Students with credit for PHYS 101, 125 or 140 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

A course in mechanics and modern physics designed for students who want to study translational and rotational dynamics, conservation laws, and oscillations in depth and gain additional insight into foundations of special relativity and select topics in modern physics. Prerequisite: Permission of the department. Corequisite: MATH 151. Recommended Corequisite: PHYS 132. Students with credit for PHYS 101, 120 or PHYS 140 may not take PHYS 125 for further credit. Quantitative.

A general calculus-based introduction to mechanics taught in an integrated lecture-laboratory environment. Topics include translational and rotational motion, momentum, energy, gravitation, and selected topics in modern physics. Prerequisite: BC Principles of Physics 12, or PHYS 100 or equivalent, with a minimum grade of C-. Corequisite: MATH 150 or 151 or 154. Students with credit for PHYS 125 or 120 or 101 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

The phenomenon of organic evolution, and the major processes leading to changes in allele frequencies over time, namely mutation, migration, genetic drift and natural selection. Topics include evolutionary genetics, adaptation, sexual selection, the origin of life, speciation, and the major evolutionary trends over geological time. Prerequisite: BISC 202 with a minimum grade of C-. Recommended: BISC 204.

Embryonic and post-embryonic development of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants, with a focus on both classical and modern experimental approaches. Common and distinct features of the genes and signalling pathways that control development will be compared at the organismal, cellular, molecular and genetic levels. Prerequisite: BISC 202, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-.

A broad introduction to micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses and archaea) with an emphasis on their molecular biology, metabolism, physiology, and interactions with their hosts and environment. Labs introduce students to modern microbial techniques. Prerequisite: BISC 102, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-.

An introduction to invertebrate phyla, with a focus on marine taxa. Labs include examination of live animals, dissections, and preserved specimens. Prerequisite: BISC 101, 102, and (BISC 204 or GEOG 215), all with a minimum grade of C-.

An overview of the evolution and diversity of vertebrates, with an emphasis on the evolutionary innovations and characteristics that led to this diversity. Labs explore comparative anatomy through dissections, bones, and other specimens. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-.

An introduction to insect classification, body plan, post-embryonic development, and systems: circulatory, ventilatory, digestive, and sensory. Labs focus on comparative morphology, collection, identification, and preservation of specimens. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-.

Ecology, morphology, and phylogeny of animal parasites (from protozoa to helminthes), including those of humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Lecture and lab topics include: parasite success, host-parasite interactions, principles of parasitic infections, parasite reproduction and transmission, as host responses and medical options for past and current parasite problems. Prerequisite: BISC 101, 102, and (BISC 204 or HSCI 212), all with a minimum grade of C-.

Lectures and labs provide a survey of the major groups of algae, including cyanobacteria and other microscopic algae, seaweeds and freshwater algae. Addresses aspects of evolution, taxonomy, ecology, anatomy, life history, and the importance of algae in our lives. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-. Students who have taken BISC 326 first may not then take this course for further credit.

Lectures and labs provide an overview of the fungi including their identification and ecological roles, with emphasis on molds and mushrooms. Topics include: identification using morphological and molecular techniques, roles in natural and agricultural ecosystems, and the uses and detrimental effects of fungi in food production and medicine. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-. Recommended: BISC 204. Students who have taken BISC 326 first may not then take this course for further credit.

A survey and comparison of the major plant groups including their origins, evolution, anatomy, life histories, and impacts on human society. Labs emphasize microscopy and observation of plant specimens. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-.

Students analyze different types of genetic data (e.g., genetic crosses, chromosome rearrangements, STR, RFLP) and use lab techniques (e.g., PCR, restriction digest, and gel electrophoresis) to solve case studies and genetics problems. Prerequisite: BISC 202 and MBB 222, both with a minimum grade of C-. Writing.

A broad introduction to micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses and archaea) with an emphasis on their molecular biology, metabolism, physiology, and interactions with their hosts and environment. Labs introduce students to modern microbial techniques. Prerequisite: BISC 102, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-.

The use of genetic engineering to evaluate and alter gene function is introduced in lectures and practiced in labs. Lectures cover bioinformatics, gene editing, and genome sequencing. Lab projects include a series of cloning techniques from nucleic acid extraction to making novel gene constructs. Prerequisite: BISC 202, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-. Recommended: MBB 331. Students with credit for MBB 308 may not take this course for further credit.

An advanced laboratory course in cellular physiological techniques providing students with theoretical and practical training in cellular physiology laboratory techniques such as DNA and RNA manipulation and quantification, immunofluorescence imaging of protein expression, tissue contraction studies and recording of nerve action potentials and modulation. Prerequisite: STAT 201, (BISC 205 or BPK 305), (MBB 201 or MBB 231), and one of (BISC 302W, BISC 303, BISC 357, or BPK 304W), all with a C- or better. Enrollment of non-BPK and non-BISC majors require permission of the instructor or advisor. Writing.

Students analyze different types of genetic data (e.g., genetic crosses, chromosome rearrangements, STR, RFLP) and use lab techniques (e.g., PCR, restriction digest, and gel electrophoresis) to solve case studies and genetics problems. Prerequisite: BISC 202 and MBB 222, both with a minimum grade of C-. Writing.

A broad introduction to micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses and archaea) with an emphasis on their molecular biology, metabolism, physiology, and interactions with their hosts and environment. Labs introduce students to modern microbial techniques. Prerequisite: BISC 102, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-.

A study of the major physiological systems, with an emphasis on understanding the biophysical properties underpinning physiological mechanisms. Prerequisite: (BISC 205 or BPK 205) and MBB 231, both with a minimum grade of C-.

An introduction to the environmental and biological fate of chemicals, their mechanisms of action, testing, evaluation, and risk assessment. Students are introduced to different classes of environmental contaminants, and examine how they affect various organisms (including humans) at the molecular, biochemical, organ system, and behavioural levels of biological organization. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and (BISC 204, or BISC 205, or GEOG 215, or MBB 231), both with a minimum grade of C-.

The use of genetic engineering to evaluate and alter gene function is introduced in lectures and practiced in labs. Lectures cover bioinformatics, gene editing, and genome sequencing. Lab projects include a series of cloning techniques from nucleic acid extraction to making novel gene constructs. Prerequisite: BISC 202, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-. Recommended: MBB 331. Students with credit for MBB 308 may not take this course for further credit.

The physiological and developmental mechanisms underlying the growth and survival of plants in their environments, including traits of key importance in plant production. Prerequisite: BISC 205 and MBB 231, both with a minimum grade of C-.

The lectures will explore two or three major themes in current cell biology, such as cell motility, the cell cycle, and cellular signalling. A critical component of the course is to develop an understanding of the experimental basis of our knowledge about cells. Prerequisite: MBB 222 and 231, both with a minimum grade of C-; and at least 75 units (or permission of the instructor). Recommended: BISC 205 or BPK 205.

Neuroscience, focusing on physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms. Topics include: cellular and subcellular organization of the nervous system, electrical properties of neurons, ion channels, synaptic transmission, sensory systems, learning and memory, neurodegenerative diseases. Prerequisite: Students complete one of: (BISC 205 and MBB 231), or (BPK 205 and MBB 231), or BPK 306, or HSCI 321; each with a minimum grade of C-.

Students are introduced to models and simulations for biological systems at the ecosystem, organismal, cellular, and molecular levels. They will discover how to design and use models, and will then apply these skills to build their own model using basic mathematical tools (e.g., Excel, other software). Prerequisite: BISC 100, 101, or 102, with a minimum grade of C-; and MATH 154 (or equivalent) with a minimum grade of B; and at least 60 units; or permission of the instructor. Quantitative.

All aspects of neuronal development from the specification of neurons in the early embryo to the formation and maturation of neuronal circuits. Both invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms will be studied with emphasis on the molecular basis of nervous system development. Prerequisite: BISC 202, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-. Recommended: BISC 333 or MBB 331.

The course provides an overview of "omics" methods in large-scale identification of gene functions in various organisms, and demonstrates how this knowledge can be applied in genomics fields, including plant and animal breeding. Prerequisite: BISC 202, MBB 222, MBB 231, and (BISC 357 or MBB 331), all with a minimum grade of C-.

An overview of the major sensory mechanisms underlying animal behaviour. This course examines the basic physiological mechanisms underlying various mammalian and non-mammalian senses including vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, polarization sensitivity and mechanoreception. Lectures combine concepts from physics, systems neuroscience, cell and molecular biology, and behaviour. Prerequisite: (BISC 205 or BPK 205) and MBB 231, both with a minimum grade of C-.

This course provides students with an advanced, detailed understanding of a variety of cell biological topics with particular attention given to the cytoskeleton, intercellular junctions, vesicle trafficking and post-translational modifications of proteins associated with those topics. Students will also be exposed to the history of cell biology throughout the course. Prerequisite: BISC 101, BISC 102, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-. Students who have completed BISC 472 under the title "Advanced Cell Biology" may not take this course for further credit.

Interactions between major groups of microbes (including fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas and viroids) with higher plants, including the chemical signals which trigger the onset of recognition events that result in a parasitic or mutualistic relationship, and the mechanisms of plant defense. Prerequisite: MBB 231 and (BISC 303, or BISC 328, or BISC 337, or BISC 366), both with a minimum grade of C-.

An overview of environmental and applied microbiology. Topics include microbial growth and kinetics, microbial metabolism and thermodynamics, biogeochemical cycling, microbial ecology, and applied microbiology. Includes computer labs, where students will learn to analyze data generated by modern methods used to characterize microbes and microbial communities. Prerequisite: MBB 222, MBB 231, and BISC 303, all with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for BISC 475 under the title "Environmental Microbiology" may not take this course for further credit.

A discussion of the physiological mechanisms and adaptations which permit animals to live in diverse environments. The course will adopt a comparative approach to physiology. Prerequisite: BISC 205 and MBB 231, both with a minimum grade of C-.

Foundational biology of stem cell populations, technological advances, current and potential therapeutic applications. Prerequisite: MBB 322 or BISC 333, with a minimum grade of C. Students with credit for MBB 447 may not take this course for further credit. Students with credit for MBB 440 or BISC 472 under the title "Stem Cell Biology and Applications" may not take this course for further credit.

Physiological function of neuroendocrine and hormonal systems in invertebrates and vertebrates (and a little bit on plants). The course examines endocrinology from the molecular to whole-organismal level, with a focus on reproduction, obesity, and stress. Prerequisite: BISC 205, MBB 231, and (BISC 306 or BISC 316), all with a minimum grade of C-.

An introduction to plant molecular biology and the techniques, applications and issues of plant genetic engineering. Prerequisite: BISC 202, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-.

Special Topics in Cells, Molecules and Physiology not currently offered in the Department of Biological Science. Prerequisite: To be announced.

Selected topics in areas not currently offered within the undergraduate course offerings in the Department of Biological Sciences. Prerequisite: To be announced.

Selected topics not currently offered in the Department of Biological Sciences. Prerequisite: To be announced.

Directed study, and research or scientific communication, in an area of biology or biological pedagogy. A student may enroll in this course only with prior written agreement of a faculty member to act as a research supervisor, who will also provide instruction and feedback on the writing and presentation of results from the research. Prerequisite: Completion of lower division course requirements. Writing.

Directed study, and research or scientific communication, in an area of biology or biological pedagogy. A student may enroll in this course only with prior written agreement of a faculty member to act as a research supervisor. Prerequisite: Completion of lower division course requirements.

Directed study, and research or scientific communication, in an area of biology or biological pedagogy. A student may enroll in this course only with prior written agreement of a faculty member to act as a research supervisor. Prerequisite: Completion of lower division course requirements.

An advanced laboratory course in cellular physiological techniques providing students with theoretical and practical training in cellular physiology laboratory techniques such as DNA and RNA manipulation and quantification, immunofluorescence imaging of protein expression, tissue contraction studies and recording of nerve action potentials and modulation. Prerequisite: STAT 201, (BISC 205 or BPK 305), (MBB 201 or MBB 231), and one of (BISC 302W, BISC 303, BISC 357, or BPK 304W), all with a C- or better. Enrollment of non-BPK and non-BISC majors require permission of the instructor or advisor. Writing.

The standard techniques of multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance, and their role in observational and experimental studies. This course may not be used to satisfy the upper division requirements of the following programs: statistics major, statistics honours, actuarial science major, and actuarial science honours. Prerequisite: One of STAT 201, STAT 203, STAT 205, STAT 270, BUS 232, or ECON 233, with a minimum grade of C-. Students who have taken STAT 350 first may not then take the course for further credit. Quantitative.

A practical lab- and field-based introduction to techniques in ecology and evolution. Students use experimental design and statistical methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data. Specific topics may include: sampling and describing communities, evaluating spatial patterns, investigating animal behaviour, population estimation, and estimating competition. Prerequisite: BISC 202, (BISC 204 or GEOG 215), and STAT 201, all with a minimum grade of C-. Writing.

An introduction to invertebrate phyla, with a focus on marine taxa. Labs include examination of live animals, dissections, and preserved specimens. Prerequisite: BISC 101, 102, and (BISC 204 or GEOG 215), all with a minimum grade of C-.

An overview of the evolution and diversity of vertebrates, with an emphasis on the evolutionary innovations and characteristics that led to this diversity. Labs explore comparative anatomy through dissections, bones, and other specimens. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-.

An introduction to insect classification, body plan, post-embryonic development, and systems: circulatory, ventilatory, digestive, and sensory. Labs focus on comparative morphology, collection, identification, and preservation of specimens. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-.

Lectures and labs provide a survey of the major groups of algae, including cyanobacteria and other microscopic algae, seaweeds and freshwater algae. Addresses aspects of evolution, taxonomy, ecology, anatomy, life history, and the importance of algae in our lives. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-. Students who have taken BISC 326 first may not then take this course for further credit.

Lectures and labs provide an overview of the fungi including their identification and ecological roles, with emphasis on molds and mushrooms. Topics include: identification using morphological and molecular techniques, roles in natural and agricultural ecosystems, and the uses and detrimental effects of fungi in food production and medicine. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-. Recommended: BISC 204. Students who have taken BISC 326 first may not then take this course for further credit.

A survey and comparison of the major plant groups including their origins, evolution, anatomy, life histories, and impacts on human society. Labs emphasize microscopy and observation of plant specimens. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-.

Students are introduced to the major environmental toxicants, their sources, and interactions with terrestrial and aquatic environments. Through historical and current case studies of environmental toxicants, this course will provide an understanding of the basic principles of environmental toxicology particularly as they apply to populations, communities and ecosystems. Prerequisite: BISC 101, 102, and (BISC 204 or GEOG 215), all with a minimum grade of C-.

An examination of the primary threats to biodiversity, how biological processes contribute to the persistence of populations and structure of communities, and species and landscape approaches to conservation in the real world. Prerequisite: BISC 204 with a minimum grade of C-.

Fisheries from an ecological point of view, whereby the principles of population dynamics, behaviour, competition and predator-prey relationships are applied to conservation and management of the world's fisheries. Prerequisite: BISC 204 with a minimum grade of C-.

A study of the major physiological systems, with an emphasis on understanding the biophysical properties underpinning physiological mechanisms. Prerequisite: (BISC 205 or BPK 205) and MBB 231, both with a minimum grade of C-.

Students are introduced to the major environmental toxicants, their sources, and interactions with terrestrial and aquatic environments. Through historical and current case studies of environmental toxicants, this course will provide an understanding of the basic principles of environmental toxicology particularly as they apply to populations, communities and ecosystems. Prerequisite: BISC 101, 102, and (BISC 204 or GEOG 215), all with a minimum grade of C-.

An examination of the primary threats to biodiversity, how biological processes contribute to the persistence of populations and structure of communities, and species and landscape approaches to conservation in the real world. Prerequisite: BISC 204 with a minimum grade of C-.

The physiological and developmental mechanisms underlying the growth and survival of plants in their environments, including traits of key importance in plant production. Prerequisite: BISC 205 and MBB 231, both with a minimum grade of C-.

An evaluation of factors influencing the natural fluctuation and regulation of plant and animal population numbers. Prerequisite: BISC 102, (BISC 204 or GEOG 215), and MATH 154, all with a minimum grade of C-.

Behavioural ecologists study the evolutionary causes and ecological consequences of behaviour. This course explores theories developed to explain group-living, foraging decisions, signalling, mate choice and reproductive strategies, and provides an opportunity to develop novel hypotheses for (and design experiments to test) why animals, including humans, behave the way they do. Prerequisite: BISC 102 and (BISC 204 or GEOG 215), both with a minimum grade of C-.

The scientific study of marine and freshwater ecosystems. Through lecture and field/lab components, the course will examine a combination of fundamental concepts of aquatic ecology as well as challenges posed to these ecosystems by environmental change. Students will gain hands-on experience with data collection, analysis, and communication. Prerequisite: BISC 101, 102, and (BISC 204 or GEOG 215), all with a minimum grade of C-.

Fisheries from an ecological point of view, whereby the principles of population dynamics, behaviour, competition and predator-prey relationships are applied to conservation and management of the world's fisheries. Prerequisite: BISC 204 with a minimum grade of C-.

An integrated examination of biological, chemical and physical processes in lakes and running water ecosystems. Lectures and labs emphasize interactions among biological, chemical, and physical controls on the structure, function, and dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. Environmental problems resulting from human disturbances to aquatic ecosystems are examined. Prerequisite: BISC 204 or GEOG 215, with a minimum grade of C-.

Community ecologists study large-scale patterns in biodiversity and the processes that influence the structure and function of communities. This course introduces concepts and theories central to community ecology, with a focus on observations, hypotheses, experiments and quantitative models, and explores applications of community ecology to emerging problems in human-dominated ecosystems. Prerequisite: BISC 204 or GEOG 215, with a minimum grade of C-.

Students are introduced to models and simulations for biological systems at the ecosystem, organismal, cellular, and molecular levels. They will discover how to design and use models, and will then apply these skills to build their own model using basic mathematical tools (e.g., Excel, other software). Prerequisite: BISC 100, 101, or 102, with a minimum grade of C-; and MATH 154 (or equivalent) with a minimum grade of B; and at least 60 units; or permission of the instructor. Quantitative.

The heritable genetic basis for biological variation among populations. Concepts emphasize models (from theory), estimators (using data), and assumptions (via simulation). Topics focus on the Big Five: mutation, recombination, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. Prerequisite: BISC 202 and STAT 201, both with a minimum grade of C-. Recommended: BISC 300.

An overview of environmental and applied microbiology. Topics include microbial growth and kinetics, microbial metabolism and thermodynamics, biogeochemical cycling, microbial ecology, and applied microbiology. Includes computer labs, where students will learn to analyze data generated by modern methods used to characterize microbes and microbial communities. Prerequisite: MBB 222, MBB 231, and BISC 303, all with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for BISC 475 under the title "Environmental Microbiology" may not take this course for further credit.

Considers the production and organization of biodiversity, the evolutionary and ecological theories behind temporal and spatial patterns of biodiversity, and the values society gives biodiversity. Computer labs introduce students to phylogenetic and comparative analyses using the program R. Prerequisite: BISC 300 and STAT 201, both with a minimum grade of C+, and (75 units or permission of the instructor). Writing.

Application of the principles and theories of evolution and ecology to understanding the study of health and disease, with an emphasis on humans. Topics to be covered include the evolutionary ecology of infectious disease, the immune system, cancer, senescence, fetal programming, and the genetic/environmental bases of disease. Prerequisite: BISC 202 or 204, both with a minimum grade of C-. Recommended: BISC 300.

A discussion of the physiological mechanisms and adaptations which permit animals to live in diverse environments. The course will adopt a comparative approach to physiology. Prerequisite: BISC 205 and MBB 231, both with a minimum grade of C-.

Selected topics in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation not currently offered in the Department of Biological Science. Prerequisite: To be announced.

Selected topics in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation not currently offered in the Department of Biological Science. Prerequisite: To be announced.

Directed study, and research or scientific communication, in an area of biology or biological pedagogy. A student may enroll in this course only with prior written agreement of a faculty member to act as a research supervisor, who will also provide instruction and feedback on the writing and presentation of results from the research. Prerequisite: Completion of lower division course requirements. Writing.

Directed study, and research or scientific communication, in an area of biology or biological pedagogy. A student may enroll in this course only with prior written agreement of a faculty member to act as a research supervisor. Prerequisite: Completion of lower division course requirements.

Directed study, and research or scientific communication, in an area of biology or biological pedagogy. A student may enroll in this course only with prior written agreement of a faculty member to act as a research supervisor. Prerequisite: Completion of lower division course requirements.

Students analyze different types of genetic data (e.g., genetic crosses, chromosome rearrangements, STR, RFLP) and use lab techniques (e.g., PCR, restriction digest, and gel electrophoresis) to solve case studies and genetics problems. Prerequisite: BISC 202 and MBB 222, both with a minimum grade of C-. Writing.

A broad introduction to micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses and archaea) with an emphasis on their molecular biology, metabolism, physiology, and interactions with their hosts and environment. Labs introduce students to modern microbial techniques. Prerequisite: BISC 102, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-.

The use of genetic engineering to evaluate and alter gene function is introduced in lectures and practiced in labs. Lectures cover bioinformatics, gene editing, and genome sequencing. Lab projects include a series of cloning techniques from nucleic acid extraction to making novel gene constructs. Prerequisite: BISC 202, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-. Recommended: MBB 331. Students with credit for MBB 308 may not take this course for further credit.

A practical lab- and field-based introduction to techniques in ecology and evolution. Students use experimental design and statistical methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data. Specific topics may include: sampling and describing communities, evaluating spatial patterns, investigating animal behaviour, population estimation, and estimating competition. Prerequisite: BISC 202, (BISC 204 or GEOG 215), and STAT 201, all with a minimum grade of C-. Writing.

An advanced laboratory course in cellular physiological techniques providing students with theoretical and practical training in cellular physiology laboratory techniques such as DNA and RNA manipulation and quantification, immunofluorescence imaging of protein expression, tissue contraction studies and recording of nerve action potentials and modulation. Prerequisite: STAT 201, (BISC 205 or BPK 305), (MBB 201 or MBB 231), and one of (BISC 302W, BISC 303, BISC 357, or BPK 304W), all with a C- or better. Enrollment of non-BPK and non-BISC majors require permission of the instructor or advisor. Writing.

Student will design an individual research project under the supervision and guidance of a faculty member. The project must relate to biological research or pedagogical research in biology. At the time of application, students will normally have a CGPA of 3.00 (B standing). BISC 490 may be taken in the term prior to BISC 491/492 by students intending to complete the three course ISS. Prerequisite: Completion of all lower division biological sciences courses, plus upper division BISC courses appropriate to the subject of the intended research as determined by the departmental undergraduate curriculum committee; completion of all physics, chemistry and mathematics requirements for the major or honours program.

Student will carry out an individual research project under the supervision and guidance of a faculty member. The project must relate to biological or pedagogical research in biology. Prerequisite: Completion of all lower division biological sciences courses, plus upper division BISC courses appropriate to the subject of the intended research as determined by the departmental undergraduate curriculum committee; completion of all physics, chemistry and mathematics requirements for the major or honours program; at the time of application, students will normally have a CGPA of 3.00 (B standing). Corequisite: BISC 490 and 492.

Student will report on an individual research project under the supervision and guidance of a faculty member. The project must relate to biological or pedagogical research in biology. Prerequisite: Completion of all lower division biological sciences courses, plus upper division BISC courses appropriate to the subject of the intended research as determined by the departmental undergraduate curriculum committee; completion of all physics, chemistry and mathematics requirements for the major or honours program; at the time of application, students will normally have a CGPA of 3.00 (B standing). Corequisite: BISC 490 and BISC 491. Writing.