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Introduction to the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms of living organisms (microorganisms, plants, animals). Lecture and lab topics include cell structure and function, flow of genetic information, enzyme function, metabolism, whole organism form and function (circulation, gas exchange, nutrition, osmoregularion). BISC 101 and 102 can be taken in either order. Prerequisite: Biology 12 (or equivalent) with a minimum grade of C (or BISC 100 with a minimum grade of C-, or BISC 113 with a minimum grade of C+, or BPK 105 with a minimum grade of C+, or HSCI 100 with a minimum grade of C+); and Chemistry 12 (or equivalent) with a minimum grade of C (or CHEM 111 with a minimum grade of C-). Breadth-Science.

Introduction to evolution and ecology, focusing on the processes that shape the diversity of life on earth. Lecture and lab topics include: natural selection and other mechanisms of evolutionary change, phylogeny, genetics, speciation, behaviour, species interactions, population ecology, and ecosystems. BISC 101 and 102 may be taken in either order. Prerequisite: Biology 12 (or equivalent) with a minimum grade of C (or BISC 100 with a minimum grade of C-, or BISC 113 with a minimum grade of C+, or BPK 105 with a minimum grade of C+, or HSCI 100 with a minimum grade of C+). Breadth-Science.

Principles and concepts of transmission of genetic information. Topics include: molecular basis of inheritance, interpretation of pedigrees, chromosomal mapping, linkage, crosses, epigenetics, and the regulation and flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins. Focus on problem-solving. Prerequisite: BISC 101 and 102, both with a minimum grade of C-.

Atomic and molecular structure; chemical bonding; thermochemistry; elements; periodic table; gases liquids, solids, and solutions. This course includes a laboratory component. Prerequisite: Chemistry 12 with a minimum grade of C, or CHEM 109 or 111 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for CHEM 120 or 125 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

Chemical equilibria; electrochemistry; chemical thermodynamics; kinetics. Students who intend to take further laboratory courses in chemistry should take CHEM 122 concurrently with CHEM 126. Prerequisite: CHEM 120 or 121 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for CHEM 124 or CHEM 180 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Experiments in chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, qualitative analysis, electrochemistry and chemical kinetics. Prerequisite: CHEM 121 with a minimum grade of C-. Corequisite: CHEM 122. Quantitative.

Structure, bonding, physical and chemical properties of simple organic compounds. Introduction to spectroscopy. Kinetics and mechanisms of organic reactions. This course includes a laboratory component. Prerequisite: CHEM 121 with a minimum grade of C-. Corequisite: CHEM 122. Students with credit for CHEM 280 or CHEM 285 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Laboratory work chosen to complement the lecture course. Prerequisite: CHEM 281 with a minimum grade of C-. Corequisite: CHEM 282 or 283. Quantitative.

The structure, function and synthesis of proteins, RNA and DNA and their interrelated biological functions within the cell. An introduction to molecular biology techniques and methods of protein purification and analysis. Prerequisite: or Corequisite CHEM 281.

Practical course providing hands-on experience in fundamental molecular biology and biochemistry techniques including DNA isolation, restriction enzyme digestion, transformation, polymerase chain reaction, DNA and protein electrophoresis and immunofluorescence. Prerequisite: or Corequisite: MBB 222.

A study of the molecular processes which underlie cell structure and function, integrating ultrastructural, physiological and biochemical approaches. Modern techniques used in the analysis of organelle and cell function are integral parts of the course. Prerequisite: MBB 222, BISC 101, CHEM 281 with grades of C- or better. Corequisite or Prerequisite: CHEM 282 or CHEM 283.

Polyfunctional organic compounds and complex organic reactions. Introduction to natural products. Prerequisite: CHEM 281 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for CHEM 283 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

An advanced treatment of Organic Chemistry II. Topics include dienes and their reactivity, conjugation and aromaticity, aromatic substitution reactions, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, ketones and aldehydes, biological molecules, radical reactions, organometallic reagents, pericyclic reactions and planning multi-step synthesis. Prerequisite: CHEM 281 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for CHEM 282 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

An elementary introduction to computing science and computer programming, suitable for students with little or no programming background. Students will learn fundamental concepts and terminology of computing science, acquire elementary skills for programming in a high-level language, e.g. Python. The students will be exposed to diverse fields within, and applications of computing science. Topics will include: pseudocode; data types and control structures; fundamental algorithms; recursion; reading and writing files; measuring performance of algorithms; debugging tools; basic terminal navigation using shell commands. Treatment is informal and programming is presented as a problem-solving tool. Prerequisite: BC Math 12 or equivalent is recommended. Students with credit for CMPT 102, 128, 130 or 166 may not take this course for further credit. Students who have taken CMPT 125, 129, 130 or 135 first may not then take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

Introductory data analysis focusing on molecular biology data sets and examples and including basic programming skills using Python and basic statistics skills using R. Prerequisite: MATH 12 or equivalent is recommended. Students with credit for MBB 243 may not take this course for further credit. CMPT 120 will be accepted in lieu of MBB 110.

Designed for students specializing in mathematics, physics, chemistry, computing science and engineering. Topics as for Math 151 with a more extensive review of functions, their properties and their graphs. Recommended for students with no previous knowledge of Calculus. In addition to regularly scheduled lectures, students enrolled in this course are encouraged to come for assistance to the Calculus Workshop (Burnaby), or Math Open Lab (Surrey). Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least B+, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least B-, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the ¶¡ÏãÔ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 151, 154 or 157 may not take MATH 150 for further credit. Quantitative.

Designed for students specializing in mathematics, physics, chemistry, computing science and engineering. Logarithmic and exponential functions, trigonometric functions, inverse functions. Limits, continuity, and derivatives. Techniques of differentiation, including logarithmic and implicit differentiation. The Mean Value Theorem. Applications of differentiation including extrema, curve sketching, Newton's method. Introduction to modeling with differential equations. Polar coordinates, parametric curves. Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least A, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least B, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the ¶¡ÏãÔ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 150, 154 or 157 may not take MATH 151 for further credit. Quantitative.

Designed for students specializing in the life sciences. Topics include: limits, growth rate and the derivative; elementary functions, optimization and approximation methods, and their applications, integration, and differential equations; mathematical models of biological processes and their implementation and analysis using software. Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least B, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least C-, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the ¶¡ÏãÔ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 150, 151 or 157 may not take MATH 154 for further credit. Quantitative.

Force and motion, conservation of energy and momentum, fluids, properties of soft matter and thermal physics with applications taken from the life sciences. Prerequisite: BC Principles of Physics 12 or PHYS 100 or equivalent, with a minimum grade of C-. This prerequisite may be waived, at the discretion of the department, as determined by the student's performance on a regularly scheduled PHYS 100 final exam. Please consult the physics advisor for further details. Corequisite: MATH 150 or 151 or 154 or 157; BISC 100 or 101 or 102. Recommended Corequisite: PHYS 132. Students with credit for PHYS 120, 125 or 140 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

A general calculus-based introduction to mechanics. Topics include translational and rotational motion, momentum, energy, gravitation, and selected topics in modern physics. Prerequisite: BC Principles of Physics 12 or PHYS 100 or equivalent, with a minimum grade of C-. This prerequisite may be waived, at the discretion of the department, as determined by the student's performance on a regularly scheduled PHYS 100 final exam. Please consult the physics advisor for further details. Corequisite: MATH 150 or 151 or 154. Recommended Corequisite: PHYS 132. Students with credit for PHYS 101, 125 or 140 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

An enriched course in mechanics for students with good preparation in physics and mathematics. Special relativity and classical topics such as translational and rotational dynamics and conservation laws will be given a much more sophisticated treatment than in our other first-year courses. Prerequisite: Permission of the department. Corequisite: MATH 151. Recommended Corequisite: PHYS 132. Students with credit for PHYS 101, 120 or PHYS 140 may not take PHYS 125 for further credit. Quantitative.

A general calculus-based introduction to mechanics taught in an integrated lecture-laboratory environment. Topics include translational and rotational motion, momentum, energy, gravitation, and selected topics in modern physics. Prerequisite: BC Principles of Physics 12, or PHYS 100 or equivalent, with a minimum grade of C-. Corequisite: MATH 150 or 151 or 154. Students with credit for PHYS 125 or 120 or 101 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

Research methodology and associated statistical analysis techniques for students with training in the life sciences. Intended to be particularly accessible to students who are not specializing in Statistics. Prerequisite: Recommended: 30 units. Students cannot obtain credit for STAT 201 if they already have credit for - or are taking concurrently - STAT 101, 203, 205, 285, or any upper division STAT course. Quantitative.

Basic laws of probability, sample distributions. Introduction to statistical inference and applications. Prerequisite: or Corequisite: MATH 152 or 155 or 158, with a minimum grade of C-. Students wishing an intuitive appreciation of a broad range of statistical strategies may wish to take STAT 100 first. Quantitative.

The principles of analytical chemistry and their practical application to solution samples. Titrimetric and electrochemical methods. This course has the same lecture component as CHEM 215 but no laboratory work. Prerequisite: CHEM 122 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for CHEM 215 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Experiments in analytical chemistry, including analysis of solution samples, titrimetric and electroanalytical methods. This course has the same laboratory component as CHEM 215. Prerequisite: CHEM 122 and CHEM 126, both with a minimum grade of C-. Corequisite: CHEM 210. Students with credit for CHEM 215 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Basic principles of infrared, ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy as applied to the identification of organic compounds. Prerequisite: (CHEM 282 or 283 or 284) and CHEM 286, both with a minimum grade of C-, or permission of the department.

Waves and optics; electricity and magnetism; modern physics emphasizing radioactivity, with applications taken from the life sciences. Prerequisite: PHYS 101 or 120 or 125 or 140; MATH 150 or 151 or 154 or 157; both with a minimum grade of C-. Corequisite: BISC 100 or 101 or 102. Recommended Corequisites: MATH 152, 155 or 158; PHYS 133. Students with credit for PHYS 121, 126, or 141 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

A general calculus-based introduction to electricity, magnetism and optics. Topics include electricity, magnetism, simple circuits, optics and topics from applied physics. Prerequisite: PHYS 120 or 125 or 140, with a minimum grade of C-, or PHYS 101 with a minimum grade of B. Corequisite: MATH 152 or 155. Recommended Corequisite: PHYS 133. Students with credit for PHYS 102, 126 or 141 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

An enriched course in electromagnetism for students with good preparation in physics and mathematics. Classical topics such as waves, electricity and magnetism, as well as wave particle duality and the birth of Quantum Mechanics, will be given a much more sophisticated treatment than in our other first year courses. Prerequisite: PHYS 125 with a minimum grade of C- or permission of the department. Corequisite: MATH 152. Recommended Corequisite: PHYS 133. Students with credit in PHYS 102, 121 or 141 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

A general calculus-based introduction to electricity, magnetism and optics taught in an integrated lecture-laboratory environment. Topics include electricity, magnetism, simple circuits, optics and topics from applied physics. Prerequisite: PHYS 120 or PHYS 125 or PHYS 140, with a minimum grade of C-, or PHYS 101 with a minimum grade of B. Corequisite: MATH 152 or MATH 155. Students with credit for PHYS 126 or 121 or 102 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

Riemann sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, definite, indefinite and improper integrals, approximate integration, integration techniques, applications of integration. First-order separable differential equations and growth models. Sequences and series, series tests, power series, convergence and applications of power series. Prerequisite: MATH 150 or 151, with a minimum grade of C-; or MATH 154 or 157 with a grade of at least B. Students with credit for MATH 155 or 158 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Designed for students specializing in the life sciences. Topics include: vectors and matrices, partial derivatives, multi-dimensional integrals, systems of differential equations, compartment models, graphs and networks, and their applications to the life sciences; mathematical models of multi-component biological processes and their implementation and analysis using software. Prerequisite: MATH 150, 151 or 154, with a minimum grade of C-; or MATH 157 with a grade of at least B. Students with credit for MATH 152 or 158 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Modern molecular biological and recombinant nucleic acid methods will be covered. Examples are DNA and RNA isolation, plasmid preparation, restriction enzyme digestion, DNA cloning and polymerase chain reaction. Prerequisite: or corequisite: MBB 331 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for BISC 357 may not take this course for further credit.

Contemporary techniques in biochemistry including protein purification, immunochemical methods, and lipid characterization. Prerequisite: MBB 231, with a minimum grade of C. Recommended: CHEM 215 and CHEM 286 precede MBB 309W. Writing.

The enzymes and intermediates of major catabolic and anabolic pathways. Their regulation and integration in health and disease states. Prerequisite: MBB 231, with a minimum grade of C.

Biochemical and molecular aspects of cellular function, interactions and communication including cell cycle, apoptosis, cancer, neuronal transmission and the signal transduction pathways that integrate them. Prerequisite: MBB 231, with a minimum grade of C.

The study of DNA and RNA in relation to gene structure and expression: DNA replication and the regulation of gene expression in bacteria and higher organisms. Introduction to recombinant DNA and cloning theory; natural vector structures and recombinant vector construction. Prerequisite: MBB 231, and BISC 202, with a minimum grade of C.

Laboratory methods in immunology. Focus on the vertebrate immune system and the molecular and cellular principles underlying immune recognition. Experimental methods designed to combine serology, biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology and genetics as a basis for understanding immunological aspects of health and disease. Prerequisite: HSCI 326 or MBB 326, and one of BISC 303, BISC 357, MBB 308, or MBB 309W, all with a minimum grade of C-.

Introduction to physical biochemistry including thermodynamics, spectroscopic principles and applications, and molecular transport and interactions. The physical properties and structure determination of biomolecules will be emphasized. Prerequisite: MATH 152 (or 155), PHYS 121 (or 102, or 126, or 141), CHEM 122 (or 102), MBB 222 with a minimum grade of C.

An exploration of the fundamental aspects of proteins; their chemical and physical nature, their synthesis, stability and turnover, as well as their structure and function. Methods of protein analysis and structure determination will be presented. Prerequisite: MBB 222 with a minimum grade of C.

Introduction to the structure and function of the immune system and how this system protects against microbial infections. Innate immune responses, including the function of innate immune cells, receptors and complement. Adaptive immune responses, including the organization of lymphoid organs, development and function of T and B cells, and antibodies. Prerequisite: MBB 231 with a minimum grade of C. Students with credit for HSCI 426, MBB 426 or HSCI 326 may not take this course for further credit.

The molecular strategies that bacterial and viral pathogens use to colonize the human body and cause disease will be studied. Emphasis will be placed on the specific microbes and their virulence factors, secretion systems, toxins and surface adhesions. Strategies for combating microbial infections - antibiotics, antiviral agents and vaccines - will be discussed in detail. Prerequisite: MBB 231 with a minimum grade of C. Students with credit for MBB 428 may not take this course for further credit.

Major topics in genomics and bioinformatics, with integrated discussion of associated ethical/legal/social issues. An overview of laboratory and computer-based methods to study genomes, and their applications. Hands-on computer lab session providing an opportunity to use and experiment with bioinformatics software and databases utilized in genomics and bioinformatics research. Prerequisite: MBB 231, BISC 202 and either MBB 243 or 3 units of CMPT or equivalent, all with a minimum grade of C. Recommended: STAT 201 (or an equivalent statistics course) or STAT 270.

A mechanistic study of signal transduction pathways, their roles in development and disease with an emphasis on current literature. Prerequisite: MBB 322 or BISC 302W or BISC 333, with a minimum grade of C.

The topics in this course will vary from term to term, depending on faculty availability and student interest. Prerequisite: Will be announced before the start of the term and will depend upon the nature of the topic offered.

Recent literature is examined for insights into the structure and properties of DNA and RNA, drawing on a variety of biochemical, chemical and molecular biological perspectives. Prerequisite: MBB 331 with a minimum grade of C.

A review of recent research on the structure, dynamics, function and biosynthesis of membranes, membrane lipids and proteins. Prerequisite: MBB 322 and MBB 309W with a minimum grade of C, MBB 324 as a pre or co-requisite.

Mechanistic principles for how protein molecules achieve diverse functions such as chemical catalysis and conformational switching. Students will learn to critique hypotheses about structural mechanisms, and to interpret the primary literature reporting on structural evidence from X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy. Prerequisite: MBB 323 or MBB 324, with a minimum grade of C.

Structure and function of molecules that mediate transport across membranes including channels, carriers, and pumps. Primary literature from the fields of biochemistry and physiology will be explored through lectures and independent study. Prerequisite: MBB 321, and any two of MBB 322, MBB 323, MBB 324, CHEM 360, with a minimum grade of C, or permission of the instructor.

Defects in the immunologic response to bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. The mechanisms of action of vaccines. The causes of immune-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity reactions (including asthma and allergy) and organ transplant rejection. The reaction of the immune system to cancer and immunotherapy for cancer. Prerequisite: One of MBB 326, HSCI 326, MBB 426 or HSCI 426, with a minimum grade of C, or permission of the instructor. Students with credit for HSCI 427 cannot take MBB 427 for credit.

RNA plays an important role in gene regulation. This course will explore recent primary literature studying the biochemistry of these processes. Prerequisite: MBB 331 with a minimum grade of C.

Analysis of mechanisms of protein, lipid, and nucleic acid delivery and transport within cells; processes of protein targeting, exocytosis, and endocytosis; molecular mechanisms of vesicle transport and membrane fusion; role in signal transduction and disease. Prerequisite: MBB 322 and MBB 331, with a minimum grade of C.

The cellular processes at the interface of cells and the environment will be explored in-depth. Through the use of lectures and group discussions and an emphasis on the primary literature, the focus will be on recent developments in molecular cell biology through the study of symbiosis and adaptation. Prerequisite: MBB 322 and 331, with a minimum grade of C.

Laboratory with accompanying lectures designed to give practical experience in advanced contemporary molecular biology techniques. Projects will involve recombinant gene and protein manipulations to investigate the dynamics of proteins within living cells. Prerequisite: MBB 308 and MBB 331, all with a minimum grade of C, or permission of instructor. Recommended: MBB 309W.

Emerging concepts in epithelial cell biology, including the establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity and cell adhesion leading to the sculpting of developing organisms, roles in wound healing, birth defects and microbial defense, and insights into the maintenance of epithelia by stem cells will be explored. Prerequisite: MBB 331 or BISC 333, with a minimum grade of C.

Lectures and student presentations will cover the wide range of ways in which organisms (primarily eukaryotes) regulate gene expression along the pathway from DNA to protein. Prerequisite: MBB 331, with a minimum grade of C.

Recent advances in human molecular genetics including genome analysis, gene therapy, genetic testing, and studies of genetic disorders. Prerequisite: MBB 331, with a minimum grade of C.

The topics in this course will vary from term to term, depending on faculty availability and student interest. Prerequisite: will depend upon the nature of the topic offered.

Examining the use of, and theory behind, bioinformatic software and algorithms for the analysis of macromolecular data. Includes consideration of recent literature and discussion of ethics in method development and analysis. Prerequisite: MBB 243 or 3 units of CMPT or equivalent with a minimum grade of C, or permission of the instructor; MBB 331 and MBB 342, with a minimum grade of C.

A consideration of protein biogenesis (folding, assembly, and targeting to cellular compartments), modification, and degradation, and their roles in protein and cellular function. Prerequisite: MBB 321 and MBB 322, with a minimum grade of C.

Recent advances in microbial pathogenesis with an emphasis on primary literature. Prerequisite: MBB 328 and either MBB 326 or HSCI 326, all with a minimum grade of C.

An examination of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to tumor formation, the hallmarks of cancer and their relationship to therapeutic strategies. Prerequisite: MBB 322 and 331, with a minimum grade of C, or permission of the instructor.

Foundational biology of stem cell populations, technological advances, current and potential therapeutic applications. Prerequisite: MBB 322 or BISC 333, with a minimum grade of C. Students with credit for BISC 447 may not take this course for further credit. Students with credit for MBB 440 or BISC 472 under the title "Stem Cell Biology and Applications" may not take this course for further credit.

The topics in this course will vary from term to term, depending on faculty availability and student interest. Students may repeat this course for further credit under a different topic. Prerequisite: Will vary depending on the topic.

Examination of the fundamentals of comparative genomics, identification and activity of functional elements in genomes, inter- and intra-species comparisons, relationship of genomic to phenotypic variation, and personalized genomics are among the topics to be explored. Comparison of genome data has impacts on medicine and many other fields of the life sciences. Prerequisite: MBB 331 and MBB 342, with a minimum grade of C. Students who have completed MBB 440 Comparative Genomics may not complete this course for further credit.

The organization of the human genome and the role of genomic variation in health and disease. Genomics and personalized medicine; intellectual property and privacy issues. Prerequisite: MBB 331 and MBB 342, with a minimum grade of C. Students with credit for MBB 440 with this same course title may not complete this course for further credit.

A focus on the molecular and genomic biology associated with forensic science, including genome structure, genotyping, genetic analysis of DNA fingerprints, DNA data bases and CODIS, Y STRs. mtDNA and ethical considerations of DNA typing. Prerequisite: MBB 331, with a minimum grade of C.

Methods that enable the integration of Biochemical, Genetic and Genomic knowledge (BiGG) to reconstruct a genomic scale network that defines the metabolic physiology of an organism will be explored. Applications of these approaches in the fields of microbial evolution, interaction networks, genetic engineering and drug discovery will be discussed. Prerequisite: MBB 331 and MBB 342.

Our understanding of the role of genetic and epigenetic changes in the formation of human cancers continues to be advanced by genomic technologies. Current techniques for studying cancer genomes and how heritable changes can lead to treatment resistance will be discussed. Prerequisite: MBB 331 and MBB 342 with a minimum grade of C or permission of the instructor. Students with credit for MBB 460 under the title "Cancer Genomics" may not take this course for further credit.

Application of modern molecular methods to epidemiological questions. Globally-relevant and emerging infectious diseases will be highlighted. Prerequisite: HSCI 326 or MBB 326 or MBB 331, with a minimum grade of C, or HSCI 338 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for HSCI 478 may not take this course for further credit.

MBB 481 is one of three Directed Research courses taken concurrently to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option A). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out full time laboratory research in molecular biology and biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. The grade for MBB 481 encompasses the research design aspect of the project, consisting of the research proposal and honours thesis. Prerequisite: MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB or Biological Physics Honours Program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the MBB department. Corequisite: MBB 482 and MBB 483.

MBB 482 is one of three Directed Research courses taken concurrently to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option A). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out full time laboratory research in molecular biology and biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. The grade for MBB 482 encompasses the research performance aspect of the project. Prerequisite: MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB or Biological Physics Honours Program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the MBB department. Corequisite: MBB 481 and MBB 483.

MBB 483 is one of three Directed Research courses taken concurrently to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option A). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out full time laboratory research in molecular biology and biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. The grade for MBB 483 encompasses the defense component of the research project. Prerequisite: MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB or Biological Physics Honours Program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the MBB department. Corequisite: MBB 481 and MBB 482.

MBB 491 is offered as a stand-alone Directed Research course open to MBB Majors, or as the first of two courses taken consecutively to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option B). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out part time laboratory research in an area of molecular biology or biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. MBB 491 coursework includes preparation of a research proposal and a report and oral presentation on the results of the project. Prerequisite: MBB 308 or MBB 309W and permission of the MBB department. Upper level standing in an MBB major, minor or honours program is required.

MBB 492 is the second of two courses taken consecutively to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option B). Two-thirds of full-time laboratory research in an area of molecular biology or biochemistry. The research project is typically a continuation of the MBB 491 project, supervised by the same faculty member. The course includes the preparation of a research proposal, a report and an oral presentation on the results of the project. Prerequisite: MBB 491, MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB honours program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the department.

Modern molecular biological and recombinant nucleic acid methods will be covered. Examples are DNA and RNA isolation, plasmid preparation, restriction enzyme digestion, DNA cloning and polymerase chain reaction. Prerequisite: or corequisite: MBB 331 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for BISC 357 may not take this course for further credit.

Contemporary techniques in biochemistry including protein purification, immunochemical methods, and lipid characterization. Prerequisite: MBB 231, with a minimum grade of C. Recommended: CHEM 215 and CHEM 286 precede MBB 309W. Writing.

The enzymes and intermediates of major catabolic and anabolic pathways. Their regulation and integration in health and disease states. Prerequisite: MBB 231, with a minimum grade of C.

Biochemical and molecular aspects of cellular function, interactions and communication including cell cycle, apoptosis, cancer, neuronal transmission and the signal transduction pathways that integrate them. Prerequisite: MBB 231, with a minimum grade of C.

An exploration of the fundamental aspects of proteins; their chemical and physical nature, their synthesis, stability and turnover, as well as their structure and function. Methods of protein analysis and structure determination will be presented. Prerequisite: MBB 222 with a minimum grade of C.

Introduction to the structure and function of the immune system and how this system protects against microbial infections. Innate immune responses, including the function of innate immune cells, receptors and complement. Adaptive immune responses, including the organization of lymphoid organs, development and function of T and B cells, and antibodies. Prerequisite: MBB 231 with a minimum grade of C. Students with credit for HSCI 426, MBB 426 or HSCI 326 may not take this course for further credit.

The molecular strategies that bacterial and viral pathogens use to colonize the human body and cause disease will be studied. Emphasis will be placed on the specific microbes and their virulence factors, secretion systems, toxins and surface adhesions. Strategies for combating microbial infections - antibiotics, antiviral agents and vaccines - will be discussed in detail. Prerequisite: MBB 231 with a minimum grade of C. Students with credit for MBB 428 may not take this course for further credit.

The study of DNA and RNA in relation to gene structure and expression: DNA replication and the regulation of gene expression in bacteria and higher organisms. Introduction to recombinant DNA and cloning theory; natural vector structures and recombinant vector construction. Prerequisite: MBB 231, and BISC 202, with a minimum grade of C.

Major topics in genomics and bioinformatics, with integrated discussion of associated ethical/legal/social issues. An overview of laboratory and computer-based methods to study genomes, and their applications. Hands-on computer lab session providing an opportunity to use and experiment with bioinformatics software and databases utilized in genomics and bioinformatics research. Prerequisite: MBB 231, BISC 202 and either MBB 243 or 3 units of CMPT or equivalent, all with a minimum grade of C. Recommended: STAT 201 (or an equivalent statistics course) or STAT 270.

Defects in the immunologic response to bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. The mechanisms of action of vaccines. The causes of immune-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity reactions (including asthma and allergy) and organ transplant rejection. The reaction of the immune system to cancer and immunotherapy for cancer. Prerequisite: One of MBB 326, HSCI 326, MBB 426 or HSCI 426, with a minimum grade of C, or permission of the instructor. Students with credit for HSCI 427 cannot take MBB 427 for credit.

Recent advances in microbial pathogenesis with an emphasis on primary literature. Prerequisite: MBB 328 and either MBB 326 or HSCI 326, all with a minimum grade of C.

Application of modern molecular methods to epidemiological questions. Globally-relevant and emerging infectious diseases will be highlighted. Prerequisite: HSCI 326 or MBB 326 or MBB 331, with a minimum grade of C, or HSCI 338 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for HSCI 478 may not take this course for further credit.

A broad introduction to micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses and archaea) with an emphasis on their molecular biology, metabolism, physiology, and interactions with their hosts and environment. Labs introduce students to modern microbial techniques. Prerequisite: BISC 102, MBB 222, and MBB 231, all with a minimum grade of C-.

Virology in the context of viral diseases in humans and animals. Viruses, their structures, transmission and replication in human and animal hosts, interactions with hosts and viral diseases. Prerequisite: MBB 222 with a minimum grade of C- or permission of the instructor. Corequisite: BISC 303.

Study, in a laboratory environment, of animal viruses as infectious agents that threaten human health as well as their use as biomedical tools. Includes cell culture methods, virus amplification, titration, purification, and identification, etc. Prerequisite: HSCI 338 and one of: BISC 303, BISC 357, MBB 308, or MBB 309, all with a minimum grade of C-.

Laboratory methods in immunology. Focus on the vertebrate immune system and the molecular and cellular principles underlying immune recognition. Experimental methods designed to combine serology, biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology and genetics as a basis for understanding immunological aspects of health and disease. Prerequisite: HSCI 326 or MBB 326, and one of BISC 303, BISC 357, MBB 308, or MBB 309W, all with a minimum grade of C-.

Immunological concepts of vaccines and vaccinology including vaccination, correlates of immune protection, humoral and mucosal immunity, adjuvants, recombinant vaccine technology, 'designer' vaccines, and HIV/AIDS vaccine design as a paradigm for modern vaccinology. Prerequisite: HSCI 326 or MBB 326 or HSCI 338, with a minimum grade or C- or permission of the instructor.

An in-depth overview of newly emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in the context of disease prevention, surveillance and control. Prerequisite: HSCI 326 or MBB 326 or HSCI 338, with a minimum grade of C-.

A mechanistic study of signal transduction pathways, their roles in development and disease with an emphasis on current literature. Prerequisite: MBB 322 or BISC 302W or BISC 333, with a minimum grade of C.

A review of recent research on the structure, dynamics, function and biosynthesis of membranes, membrane lipids and proteins. Prerequisite: MBB 322 and MBB 309W with a minimum grade of C, MBB 324 as a pre or co-requisite.

Mechanistic principles for how protein molecules achieve diverse functions such as chemical catalysis and conformational switching. Students will learn to critique hypotheses about structural mechanisms, and to interpret the primary literature reporting on structural evidence from X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy. Prerequisite: MBB 323 or MBB 324, with a minimum grade of C.

Defects in the immunologic response to bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. The mechanisms of action of vaccines. The causes of immune-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity reactions (including asthma and allergy) and organ transplant rejection. The reaction of the immune system to cancer and immunotherapy for cancer. Prerequisite: One of MBB 326, HSCI 326, MBB 426 or HSCI 426, with a minimum grade of C, or permission of the instructor. Students with credit for HSCI 427 cannot take MBB 427 for credit.

Analysis of mechanisms of protein, lipid, and nucleic acid delivery and transport within cells; processes of protein targeting, exocytosis, and endocytosis; molecular mechanisms of vesicle transport and membrane fusion; role in signal transduction and disease. Prerequisite: MBB 322 and MBB 331, with a minimum grade of C.

Laboratory with accompanying lectures designed to give practical experience in advanced contemporary molecular biology techniques. Projects will involve recombinant gene and protein manipulations to investigate the dynamics of proteins within living cells. Prerequisite: MBB 308 and MBB 331, all with a minimum grade of C, or permission of instructor. Recommended: MBB 309W.

Recent advances in human molecular genetics including genome analysis, gene therapy, genetic testing, and studies of genetic disorders. Prerequisite: MBB 331, with a minimum grade of C.

Examining the use of, and theory behind, bioinformatic software and algorithms for the analysis of macromolecular data. Includes consideration of recent literature and discussion of ethics in method development and analysis. Prerequisite: MBB 243 or 3 units of CMPT or equivalent with a minimum grade of C, or permission of the instructor; MBB 331 and MBB 342, with a minimum grade of C.

Recent advances in microbial pathogenesis with an emphasis on primary literature. Prerequisite: MBB 328 and either MBB 326 or HSCI 326, all with a minimum grade of C.

An examination of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to tumor formation, the hallmarks of cancer and their relationship to therapeutic strategies. Prerequisite: MBB 322 and 331, with a minimum grade of C, or permission of the instructor.

Foundational biology of stem cell populations, technological advances, current and potential therapeutic applications. Prerequisite: MBB 322 or BISC 333, with a minimum grade of C. Students with credit for BISC 447 may not take this course for further credit. Students with credit for MBB 440 or BISC 472 under the title "Stem Cell Biology and Applications" may not take this course for further credit.

Examination of the fundamentals of comparative genomics, identification and activity of functional elements in genomes, inter- and intra-species comparisons, relationship of genomic to phenotypic variation, and personalized genomics are among the topics to be explored. Comparison of genome data has impacts on medicine and many other fields of the life sciences. Prerequisite: MBB 331 and MBB 342, with a minimum grade of C. Students who have completed MBB 440 Comparative Genomics may not complete this course for further credit.

The organization of the human genome and the role of genomic variation in health and disease. Genomics and personalized medicine; intellectual property and privacy issues. Prerequisite: MBB 331 and MBB 342, with a minimum grade of C. Students with credit for MBB 440 with this same course title may not complete this course for further credit.

Application of modern molecular methods to epidemiological questions. Globally-relevant and emerging infectious diseases will be highlighted. Prerequisite: HSCI 326 or MBB 326 or MBB 331, with a minimum grade of C, or HSCI 338 with a minimum grade of C-. Students with credit for HSCI 478 may not take this course for further credit.

MBB 481 is one of three Directed Research courses taken concurrently to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option A). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out full time laboratory research in molecular biology and biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. The grade for MBB 481 encompasses the research design aspect of the project, consisting of the research proposal and honours thesis. Prerequisite: MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB or Biological Physics Honours Program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the MBB department. Corequisite: MBB 482 and MBB 483.

MBB 482 is one of three Directed Research courses taken concurrently to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option A). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out full time laboratory research in molecular biology and biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. The grade for MBB 482 encompasses the research performance aspect of the project. Prerequisite: MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB or Biological Physics Honours Program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the MBB department. Corequisite: MBB 481 and MBB 483.

MBB 483 is one of three Directed Research courses taken concurrently to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option A). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out full time laboratory research in molecular biology and biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. The grade for MBB 483 encompasses the defense component of the research project. Prerequisite: MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB or Biological Physics Honours Program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the MBB department. Corequisite: MBB 481 and MBB 482.

MBB 491 is offered as a stand-alone Directed Research course open to MBB Majors, or as the first of two courses taken consecutively to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option B). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out part time laboratory research in an area of molecular biology or biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. MBB 491 coursework includes preparation of a research proposal and a report and oral presentation on the results of the project. Prerequisite: MBB 308 or MBB 309W and permission of the MBB department. Upper level standing in an MBB major, minor or honours program is required.

MBB 492 is the second of two courses taken consecutively to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option B). Two-thirds of full-time laboratory research in an area of molecular biology or biochemistry. The research project is typically a continuation of the MBB 491 project, supervised by the same faculty member. The course includes the preparation of a research proposal, a report and an oral presentation on the results of the project. Prerequisite: MBB 491, MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB honours program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the department.

Recent research articles on the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular activities, genomics and bioinformatics or the structure, function and interactions of macromolecules will be presented and discussed by students and faculty. This course will be available for MBB undergraduates to take once for undergraduate credit and will be offered in conjunction with MBB 821 (Cell and Molecular Biology), 841 (Genomics and Bioinformatics) or 861 Biomolecular Structure and Function. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor.

MBB 481 is one of three Directed Research courses taken concurrently to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option A). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out full time laboratory research in molecular biology and biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. The grade for MBB 481 encompasses the research design aspect of the project, consisting of the research proposal and honours thesis. Prerequisite: MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB or Biological Physics Honours Program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the MBB department. Corequisite: MBB 482 and MBB 483.

MBB 482 is one of three Directed Research courses taken concurrently to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option A). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out full time laboratory research in molecular biology and biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. The grade for MBB 482 encompasses the research performance aspect of the project. Prerequisite: MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB or Biological Physics Honours Program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the MBB department. Corequisite: MBB 481 and MBB 483.

MBB 483 is one of three Directed Research courses taken concurrently to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option A). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out full time laboratory research in molecular biology and biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. The grade for MBB 483 encompasses the defense component of the research project. Prerequisite: MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB or Biological Physics Honours Program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the MBB department. Corequisite: MBB 481 and MBB 482.

Directed reading in a topic of molecular biology or biochemistry chosen in consultation with a supervisor. Before seeking approval for enrollment in this course, the student should have already obtained the agreement of a faculty member that he/she is willing to supervise the project, and have prepared a written proposal (of approximately one page) stating the nature of the directed reading topic. The course will include the preparation of a written term paper on the topic chosen. Prerequisite: MBB 231, with a minimum grade of C, and permission of the molecular biology and biochemistry department. Usually, upper level standing with at least 60 units in a Biochemistry major, minor or honours program will be required.

MBB 491 is offered as a stand-alone Directed Research course open to MBB Majors, or as the first of two courses taken consecutively to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option B). This course provides students with the opportunity to carry out part time laboratory research in an area of molecular biology or biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. MBB 491 coursework includes preparation of a research proposal and a report and oral presentation on the results of the project. Prerequisite: MBB 308 or MBB 309W and permission of the MBB department. Upper level standing in an MBB major, minor or honours program is required.

MBB 492 is the second of two courses taken consecutively to fulfill the requirements of the MBB Honours program (Option B). Two-thirds of full-time laboratory research in an area of molecular biology or biochemistry. The research project is typically a continuation of the MBB 491 project, supervised by the same faculty member. The course includes the preparation of a research proposal, a report and an oral presentation on the results of the project. Prerequisite: MBB 491, MBB 308, MBB 309W and MBB 331, enrollment in the MBB honours program, a minimum 3.0 CGPA and 3.0 UDGPA and permission of the department.

Part time laboratory research in an area of molecular biology or biochemistry under the supervision of an MBB faculty member or associate. MBB 498 coursework includes preparation of a research proposal, a report and an oral presentation on the results of the project. Prerequisite: MBB 308 or 309W; Students may not take MBB 498 concurrently with MBB 481, 482, 483, 491 or 492 or BISC 490, 491, 492W, 498 or 499.