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Environmental Education Minor
This minor develops teacher skills in environmental and outdoor education programs from kindergarten through grade 12, and in the organization and operation of residential and day centre outdoor education, wilderness outdoor recreation, and other interdisciplinary environmental school programs.
Lower Division Requirements
Students complete nine units selected from the following.
Survey of the diversity of life, and its evolutionary history on earth. The student is introduced to the study of genetics, development, and evolution, giving an overview of how these processes interact to produce form and function. Also included are principles of behavior and ecological relationships of organisms to each other and their environment. Prerequisite: High school biology 12 (or equivalent) with a C grade or better, or BISC 100 with C- or better, or BISC 113 with C+ or better, or HSCI 100 with C+ or better. Breadth-Science.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Rolf Mathewes Miranda Meents |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, Thu, 12:30β1:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D201 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D202 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D203 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 2:30β3:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D204 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 3:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D205 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 4:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D206 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 4:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D207 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D208 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 11:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D209 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 1:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D210 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 2:30β3:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Social functions of the school; education and socialization; social, political, economic and cultural influences on the institutions and practices of education. May be applied towards the certificate in liberal arts.
A geographical introduction to how humans shape our world, with attention also given to how it shapes us. Themes may include: culture, economic activities, environmental change, globalization, politics, population, resources, and urbanization. Breadth-Humanities/Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Distance Education | |||
Jason Young |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 2:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
An introduction to landforms, climates, soils and vegetation; their origins, distributions, interrelationships and roles in the ecosystem. Laboratory work and field trips are included. Breadth-Science.
An introduction to the planetary biosphere, its living organisms, and their interactions with each other and the Earth system. Prerequisite: GEOG 111.
An introduction to key concepts and contexts in contemporary geographical approaches to social practices, meanings, and struggles. Prerequisite: GEOG 100. Breadth-Social Sciences.
Survey of theories and laboratory procedures for assessing human health status and physical performance, including biomechanics, body composition, development, environmental physiology, ergonomics, exercise physiology and motor learning. Functional anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, skeletal and skeletal muscle systems in relation to physical activity are explored. Prerequisite: One of Grade 12 Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry or Physics with a grade of C or better; or one of BPK 105, BPK 110, BPK 143, BISC 100, BISC 113 or HSCI 100 with a grade of C or better. Breadth-Science.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Mike Walsh |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 8:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 11:30 a.m.β1:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 1:30β3:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D103 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 3:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D104 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Fri, 8:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D105 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Fri, 10:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D106 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Fri, 12:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
An introduction to the evaluation of arguments as they are encountered in everyday life. The central aim will be to sharpen skills of reasoning and argumentation by understanding how arguments work and learning to distinguish those which actually prove what they set out to show from those which do not. Open to all students. Students with credit for PHIL XX1 may not take this course for further credit. Q/Breadth-Social Sci/Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Lyle Crawford |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, Wed, 11:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D103 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D104 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D105 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 12:30β1:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D106 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 12:30β1:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D107 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D108 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D109 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D110 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D111 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 12:30β1:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D112 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 1:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
A critical examination of a range of moral and legal issues we confront in our dealings with the state and our fellow human beings, such as: Is it wrong to break the law? Should pornography and recreational drugs be illegal? Do animals have rights? Is there a duty to admit immigrants? Are there duties to the world's poor? Are indigenous peoples owed reparations? Students with credit for PHIL 120 may not take this course for further credit. Writing/Breadth-Humanities.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Michaela Lucas |
TBD | ||
D101 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 10:30β11:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D103 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 11:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D104 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 12:30β1:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D105 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 1:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D106 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 1:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D107 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 1:30β2:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D108 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 4:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D109 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 4:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D110 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 9:30β10:20 a.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D111 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 2:30β3:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D112 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 3:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D113 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 12:30β1:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Relates contemporary knowledge from psychology to current social problems. Provides relevant information from studies pertaining to problems such as attitude development, prejudice, race relations, addiction, behavior technology, and family pathology. Course can be repeated for credit. See Psychology department website for course description. Students may not take this course for further credit if similar topics are covered. Breadth-Social Sciences.
Explores how sociologists study, describe, and explain social life. Introduces the sociological perspective and applies it to fundamental social process and everyday issues. As we consider phenomena ranging from interactions among individuals to societal and global inequalities, students critically examine social issues to build their understanding of the world. Breadth-Social Sciences.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Ataman Avdan |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D101 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D102 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D103 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D104 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D105 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D106 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 2:30β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D107 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D108 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
D109 |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 4:30β6:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
* students with credit for GEOG 215 may not receive credit for BISC 204
Upper Division Requirements
Students complete a minimum of 15 units including
Examines the educational problems entailed in developing human awareness and understanding of the environment. Explores environmental issues through a multi-disciplinary approach and relates historical and contemporary problems in human-environment interactions to school curricula from the elementary to the secondary level. Includes a laboratory component. Grading will be on a pass/fail basis. A field activity fee will be levied in this course. Normally offered in summer term only. Prerequisite: EDUC 401W/402W or Corequisite: EDUC 403. Students may be required to successfully complete a Criminal Record Check. Students with credit for EDUC 454, REM 452, or ENV 452 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
David Zandvliet Victor Elderton |
May 12 β Jun 21, 2021: Fri, Sat, Sun, 8:30 a.m.β4:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
David Zandvliet Wiske Rotinsulu |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 1:30β9:20 p.m.
|
|
and at least two of
An introduction to Indigenous education in Canada and BC. There will be a critical examination of historical and contemporary issues in education and an exploration of culturally based Indigenous education grounded in Indigenous philosophies. Prerequisite: 60 units. Breadth-Humanities.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Carolyn Roberts |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 9:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Focuses on teaching secondary school language arts and addresses aspects of the theory and practice of language arts education. Students examine their own thinking about language arts education through critical reflection, work with the prescribed curriculum, and explore various ways to develop engaging learning experiences for young adults within a consistent framework using appropriate instructional materials and methods. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403. Writing.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Robert Manery |
TBD | ||
Greg Sutherland |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Focuses on teaching secondary school social studies and addresses aspects of the theory and practice of social studies education. Students examine their own thinking about social studies education through critical reflection, work with the prescribed curriculum, and explore various ways to develop engaging learning experiences for young adults within a consistent framework using appropriate instructional materials and methods. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Kel McDowell Christine Paget |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Kel McDowell Christine Paget |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Isabelle Claire Cote |
May 12 β Jun 21, 2021: Mon, Wed, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Focuses on teaching secondary school mathematics. Students explore mathematical learning, their own mathematical thinking and curriculum; and plan mathematical instruction within a consistent framework using appropriate instructional materials and methods. Prerequisite: One of MATH 152, 155, or 158, and either EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403. Quantitative.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Robert Sidley |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Focuses on teaching secondary school science. Students explore the sciences and aspects of learning science; examine their own scientific thinking; work with the prescribed curriculum; and plan science learning experiences within a consistent framework using appropriate instructional materials and methods. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Maria Cristina Albuquerque Maranhao |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Maria Cristina Albuquerque Maranhao |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Michelle Leptich |
Jun 29 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, Wed, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Examines fundamental philosophical issues involved in designing, evaluating, or changing educational curricula. Such issues as the nature and justification of educational curriculum, the components of a rational curriculum, the nature of knowledge and its differentiation, curriculum integration and the education of the emotions. Also deals with such current issues as the place of behavioral objectives in education, the hidden curriculum and the sociology of knowledge. Prerequisite: 60 units including six units in EDUC courses or EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403.
Deals with theory, curricula and methodologies in drama education. Topics will include a selection from the following: aims of drama education; drama as methodology; role of the teacher in the drama classroom; evaluating students in drama classes; creative drama; the use of improvisation and storytelling; incorporating film and video work into drama classes; developing major projects with students such as choral dramatization, docudrama, anthology, and readers theatre; introducing scene work, stagecraft, and theatre history. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Claire Carolan |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Focuses on theory and curriculum of school physical education programs. Emphasis is given to the movement education orientation as it pertains to the various program activities and approaches applicable to primary, intermediate and secondary levels. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Wendi Palmer |
May 12 β Jun 21, 2021: Tue, Thu, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Explorations of curriculum theory and processes of development with applications at different levels and in several subject areas. Prerequisite: 60 units.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Distance Education | |||
Distance Education | |||
Distance Education | |||
Lee Beavington |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Maureen Jack-LaCroix |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Addisu Bailie |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Nancy Griffith-Zahner |
May 12 β Jun 21, 2021: Mon, Wed, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Focuses on developing knowledge, skills and strategies to create a rich and stimulating language arts program in the elementary classroom. Issues in reading, writing, speaking and listening will be examined through current theory and teaching practice. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Susan Barber |
May 12 β Jun 21, 2021: Tue, Thu, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Koichi Haseyama |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Catherine Read |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Koichi Haseyama |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Catherine Read |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Offers theoretical and practical information about teaching reading in K-12 general education settings. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403. Students with credit for EDUC 473 may not take this course for further credit. Writing.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Julie Sture |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Sheila Pace |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Julie Sture |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Focuses on teaching elementary school social studies and addresses aspects of the theory and practice of social studies education.Students examine their own thinking about social studies education through critical reflection, work with the prescribed curriculum, and explore various ways to develop engaging learning experiences for children within a consistent framework using appropriate instructional materials and methods. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Sonja Van Der Putten |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Isabelle Claire Cote |
May 12 β Jun 21, 2021: Mon, Wed, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Focuses on teaching elementary school mathematics. Students explore mathematical learning, their own mathematical thinking, and curriculum; and plan mathematical instruction within a consistent framework using appropriate instructional materials and methods. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403. Students must successfully complete an Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV criminal records check. Quantitative.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Rina Zazkis |
May 12 β Jun 21, 2021: Tue, Thu, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Sheena Tan |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Peter Liljedahl |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Peter Liljedahl |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Stephen Campbell |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Tue, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Stephen Campbell |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Wed, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Sandy Bakos |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Canan Gunes |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Rebecca Cohen |
May 12 β Jun 21, 2021: Mon, Wed, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Focuses on teaching elementary school science. Students explore science, aspects of learning science, and their own scientific thinking; work with the prescribed curriculum; and plan science learning experiences within a consistent framework using appropriate instructional materials and methods. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Distance Education | |||
Distance Education | |||
Michelle Leptich |
Jun 29 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, Wed, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Introduces students to the main ideas, skills, materials, resources, understandings and organizational concerns involved in teaching art in schools. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Zuzana Vasko |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Designed for in-service and pre-service teachers who would like to acquire the skills that will allow them to teach music competently and creatively. They will learn basic conducting techniques, design their own curriculums and have an opportunity to prepare and teach their own lesson plans. Previous musical experience is welcome, but not required. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Caroline Brendel Pacheco |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 5:30β9:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Deals with a variety of approaches, teaching strategies and curricula, for teaching French as a second language in elementary and secondary schools. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 or corequisite EDUC 403. Students with credit for EDUC 480W may not take this course for further credit.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Isabelle Claire Cote |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Isabelle Claire Cote |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Shauna NΓ©ro |
Jun 29 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, Wed, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Focuses on research and theories of language learning in bilingual programs and minority contexts, pedagogical approaches and curricula for teaching in French Immersion programs and Francophone elementary and secondary schools. Instruction given in French. Prerequisite: EDUC 401/402 (French Immersion) or corequisite EDUC 403. Students with credit for EDUC 481W may not take this course for further credit.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Isabelle Claire Cote |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 8:30 a.m.β12:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
|
Shauna NΓ©ro |
Jun 29 β Aug 9, 2021: Mon, Wed, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
Students will develop a critical understanding of information technologies in education and learn how to integrate these technologies into classroom settings. An emphasis is on teaching strategies and methods as they complement the guidelines set forth in the BC Information Technology Curriculum. Prerequisite: 60 units.
Section | Instructor | Day/Time | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Matthew Kruger-Ross |
May 12 β Aug 9, 2021: Thu, 1:30β5:20 p.m.
|
Burnaby |
A multidisciplinary approach for educators in formal and informal settings with an interest in learning more about environmental issues. Students will consider multiple perspectives on the goals, values and interdisciplinary nature of environmental education, review locally available curricular materials and obtain a grounding in appropriate models for learning and teaching environmental topics. Prerequisite: 60 units and a CGPA of 3.0, EDUC 452, consent of supervising faculty member, and approval of the director of undergraduate programs. Applications are available in the undergraduate programs office.
Examines the reciprocal influences between humans and nature through time. Topics may include settlement, agriculture, technology, politics, urbanization, science, and conservation. Prerequisite: At least 45 units, including GEOG 100 or REM 100. Students with credit for HIST 377 may not take this course for further credit.