Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV

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Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Minor

Grade Requirements

Acceptance into and continuance in the program requires a minimum 2.5 cumulative grade point average (CGPA) upon completion of lower division required courses (not including the CMPT courses).

Program Requirements

Lower Division Requirements

Students complete all of

BISC 101 - General Biology (4)

An introduction to the biochemical and physiological mechanisms of living organisms. Topics covered include cell structure and function, DNA replication and the flow of genetic information, enzyme function, metabolism and physiology of microorganisms, plants, and animals. Prerequisite: High school biology 12 (or equivalent) with a C grade or better, or BISC 100 with C- or better, or BISC 113 with C+ or better, or HSCI 100 with C+ or better. Breadth-Science.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Ivona Mladenovic
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 9:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D101 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 11:30 a.m.–1:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D102 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 11:30 a.m.–1:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 1:30–3:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D105 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 11:30 a.m.–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D106 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 11:30 a.m.–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D108 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 1:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
BISC 102 - General Biology (4)

Survey of the diversity of life, and its evolutionary history on earth. The student is introduced to the study of genetics, development, and evolution, giving an overview of how these processes interact to produce form and function. Also included are principles of behavior and ecological relationships of organisms to each other and their environment. Prerequisite: High school biology 12 (or equivalent) with a C grade or better, or BISC 100 with C- or better, or BISC 113 with C+ or better, or HSCI 100 with C+ or better. Breadth-Science.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Rolf Mathewes
Mika Mokkonen
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 9:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D102 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 9:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 1:30–4:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D104 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 1:30–4:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D105 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 9:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D106 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 9:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
CHEM 121 - General Chemistry and Laboratory I (4)

Atomic and molecular structure; chemical bonding; thermochemistry; elements; periodic table; gases liquids, solids, and solutions. This course includes a laboratory component. Prerequisite: BC high school chemistry 12 or CHEM 109 or CHEM 111. Students may not count both CHEM 120 and 121 for credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Wed, Fri, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 10:30–11:20 a.m.

D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D108 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
James Zhou
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 9:30–11:20 a.m.
Surrey
Surrey
D201 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Surrey
D202 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Surrey
D203 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Surrey
LA04 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
LA06 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
LB04 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
LB06 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
LC01 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Surrey
LE01 TBD
LE02 TBD
CHEM 122 - General Chemistry II (2)

Chemical equilibria; electrochemistry; chemical thermodynamics; kinetics. Students who intend to take further laboratory courses in chemistry should take CHEM 122 concurrently with CHEM 126. Prerequisite: CHEM 121 or 120. Recommended: MATH 152 (or 155) and PHYS 121 (or 102) as a corequisite. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Hogan Yu
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Wed, Fri, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
CHEM 126 - General Chemistry Laboratory II (2)

Experiments in chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, qualitative analysis, electrochemistry and chemical kinetics. Prerequisite: CHEM 121. Corequisite: CHEM 122. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Julie Lunniss
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Julie Lunniss
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
CHEM 281 - Organic Chemistry I (4)

Structure, bonding, physical and chemical properties of simple organic compounds. Introduction to spectroscopy. Kinetics and mechanisms of organic reactions. This course includes a laboratory component. Prerequisite: CHEM 121. Corequisite: CHEM 122. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Nabyl Merbouh
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Wed, Fri, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
LA04 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
LA05 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 8:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
LB04 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
LB05 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 8:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
LE01 TBD
CHEM 286 - Organic Chemistry Laboratory II (2)

Laboratory work chosen to complement CHEM 282. Prerequisite: CHEM 281. Corequisite: CHEM 282 or 283. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 1:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
MBB 222 - Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (3)

The structure, function and synthesis of proteins, RNA and DNA and their interrelated biological functions within the cell. An introduction to molecular biology techniques and methods of protein purification and analysis. Prerequisite: or Corequisite CHEM 281.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Irina Kovalyova
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Wed, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D102 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
MBB 231 - Cellular Biology and Biochemistry (3)

A study of the molecular processes which underlie cell structure and function, integrating ultrastructural, physiological and biochemical approaches. Modern techniques used in the analysis of organelle and cell function are integral parts of the course. Prerequisite: MBB 222, BISC 101, CHEM 281 with grades of C- or better. Corequisite or Prerequisite: CHEM 282 or CHEM 283.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Ingrid Northwood
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Wed, Fri, 11:30 a.m.–12:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Tue, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby

and one of

CHEM 282 - Organic Chemistry II (2)

Polyfunctional organic compounds and complex organic reactions. Introduction to natural products. Students with credit for CHEM 283 may not complete this course for further credit. Prerequisite: CHEM 281. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, Fri, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D101 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
CHEM 283 - Organic Chemistry IIb (3)

An advanced treatment of Organic Chemistry II. Topics include dienes and their reactivity, conjugation and aromaticity, aromatic substitution reactions, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, ketones and aldehydes, biological molecules, radical reactions, organometallic reagents, pericyclic reactions and planning multi-step synthesis. Prerequisite: CHEM 281. Students should not receive credit for both CHEM 282 and 283. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, Fri, 10:30–11:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby

and one of

MATH 150 - Calculus I with Review (4)

Designed for students specializing in mathematics, physics, chemistry, computing science and engineering. Topics as for Math 151 with a more extensive review of functions, their properties and their graphs. Recommended for students with no previous knowledge of Calculus. In addition to regularly scheduled lectures, students enrolled in this course are encouraged to come for assistance to the Calculus Workshop (Burnaby), or Math Open Lab (Surrey). Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least B+, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least B-, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 151, 154 or 157 may not take MATH 150 for further credit. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Distance Education
Yusuf Tuncer
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Tue, Wed, Fri, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP01 TBD
MATH 151 - Calculus I (3)

Designed for students specializing in mathematics, physics, chemistry, computing science and engineering. Logarithmic and exponential functions, trigonometric functions, inverse functions. Limits, continuity, and derivatives. Techniques of differentiation, including logarithmic and implicit differentiation. The Mean Value Theorem. Applications of differentiation including extrema, curve sketching, Newton's method. Introduction to modeling with differential equations. Polar coordinates, parametric curves. Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least A, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least B, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 150, 154 or 157 may not take MATH 151 for further credit. Quantitative.

MATH 154 - Calculus I for the Biological Sciences (3)

Designed for students specializing in the biological and medical sciences. Topics include: limits, growth rate and the derivative; elementary functions, optimization and approximation methods, and their applications; mathematical models of biological processes. Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus 12 (or equivalent) with a grade of at least B, or MATH 100 with a grade of at least C, or achieving a satisfactory grade on the Ά‘ΟγΤ°AV Calculus Readiness Test. Students with credit for either MATH 150, 151 or 157 may not take MATH 154 for further credit. Quantitative.

and one of

MATH 152 - Calculus II (3)

Riemann sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, definite, indefinite and improper integrals, approximate integration, integration techniques, applications of integration. First-order separable differential equations and growth models. Sequences and series, series tests, power series, convergence and applications of power series. Prerequisite: MATH 150 or 151; or MATH 154 or 157 with a grade of at least B. Students with credit for MATH 155 or 158 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Veselin Jungic
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Wed, Fri, 8:30–9:20 a.m.
Burnaby
OP01 TBD
MATH 155 - Calculus II for the Biological Sciences (3)

Designed for students specializing in the biological and medical sciences. Topics include: the integral, partial derivatives, differential equations, linear systems, and their applications; mathematical models of biological processes. Prerequisite: MATH 150, 151 or 154; or MATH 157 with a grade of at least B. Students with credit for MATH 152 or 158 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Wed, Fri, 8:30–9:20 a.m.
Burnaby
OPO1 TBD

and one of

PHYS 101 - Physics for the Life Sciences I (3)

Force and motion, conservation of energy and momentum, fluids, properties of soft matter and thermal physics with applications taken from the life sciences. Prerequisite: BC Principles of Physics 12 or PHYS 100 or equivalent, with a minimum grade of C-. This prerequisite may be waived, at the discretion of the department, as determined by the student's performance on a regularly scheduled PHYS 100 final exam. Please consult the physics advisor for further details. Corequisite: MATH 150 or 151 or 154 or 157; BISC 100 or 101 or 102. Students with credit for PHYS 120, 125 or 140 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Michael Chen
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Wed, Fri, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 4:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D108 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D109 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D110 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
PHYS 120 - Mechanics and Modern Physics (3)

A general calculus-based introduction to mechanics. Topics include translational and rotational motion, momentum, energy, gravitation, and selected topics in modern physics. Prerequisite: BC Principles of Physics 12 or PHYS 100 or equivalent, with a minimum grade of C-. This prerequisite may be waived, at the discretion of the department, as determined by the student's performance on a regularly scheduled PHYS 100 final exam. Please consult the physics advisor for further details. Corequisite: MATH 150 or 151 or 154 must precede or be taken concurrently. Students with credit for PHYS 101, 125 or 140 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

PHYS 125 - Mechanics and Special Relativity (3)

An enriched course in mechanics for students with good preparation in physics and mathematics. Special relativity and classical topics such as translational and rotational dynamics and conservation laws will be given a much more sophisticated treatment than in our other first-year courses. Prerequisite: Permission of the department. Co-requisite: MATH 125 or MATH 151. Students with credit for PHYS 101, 120 or PHYS 140 may not take PHYS 125 for further credit. Quantitative.

PHYS 140 - Studio Physics - Mechanics and Modern Physics (4)

A general calculus-based introduction to mechanics taught in an integrated lecture-laboratory environment. Topics include translational and rotational motion, momentum, energy, gravitation, and selected topics in modern physics. Prerequisite: BC Principles of Physics 12, or PHYS 100 or equivalent, with a minimum grade of C-. Corequisite: MATH 150 or 151 or 154 must precede or be taken concurrently. Students with credit for PHYS 125 or 120 or 101 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

and one of

PHYS 102 - Physics for the Life Sciences II (3)

Waves and optics; electricity and magnetism; modern physics emphasizing radioactivity, with applications taken from the life sciences. Prerequisite: PHYS 101 or 120 or 125 or 140 and MATH 154 or 150 or 151 or 157, all with a minimum grade of C-. Corequisite: BISC 100 or 101 or 102. Recommended Corequisites: MATH 152, 155 or 158, PHYS 130. Students with credit for PHYS 121, 126, or 141 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Daria Ahrensmeier
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Wed, Fri, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
D101 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D107 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D110 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Fri, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
OP01 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 3:30–5:20 p.m.
Burnaby
PHYS 121 - Optics, Electricity and Magnetism (3)

A general calculus-based introduction to electricity, magnetism and optics. Topics include electricity, magnetism, simple circuits, optics and topics from applied physics. Prerequisite: PHYS 120 or 125 or 140 (or PHYS 101 with a grade of A or B). Corequisite: MATH 152 or 155 must precede or be taken concurrently. Students with credit for PHYS 102, 126 or 141 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

Section Instructor Day/Time Location
Michael Chen
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Mon, Fri, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 9:30–10:20 a.m.
Burnaby
Burnaby
D101 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 12:30–1:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D102 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D103 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D104 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Wed, 3:30–4:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D105 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 1:30–2:20 p.m.
Burnaby
D106 May 7 – Aug 3, 2018: Thu, 2:30–3:20 p.m.
Burnaby
PHYS 126 - Electricity, Magnetism and Light (3)

An enriched course in electromagnetism for students with good preparation in physics and mathematics. Classical topics such as waves, electricity and magnetism, as well as wave particle duality and the birth of Quantum Mechanics, will be given a much more sophisticated treatment than in our other first year courses. Prerequisite: PHYS 125 and permission of the department. Co-requisite: MATH 126 or MATH 152. Students with credit in PHYS 102, 121 or 141 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative.

PHYS 141 - Studio Physics - Optics, Electricity and Magnetism (4)

A general calculus-based introduction to electricity, magnetism and optics taught in an integrated lecture-laboratory environment. Topics include electricity, magnetism, simple circuits, optics and topics from applied physics. Prerequisite: PHYS 120 or PHYS 125 or PHYS 140, with a minimum grade of C- (or PHYS 101 with a minimum grade of B). Corequisite: MATH 152 or 155 must precede or be taken concurrently. Students with credit for PHYS 126 or 121 or 102 may not take this course for further credit. Quantitative/Breadth-Science.

Upper Division Requirements

Students complete a total of 14-18 units, consisting of five upper division MBB courses (and any lower division prerequisites) excluding MBB 400, 471, 481, 482, 483 and 492.